Neuroimaging diagnosis for alzheimer's disease and other dementias

Description

Preface Contents 1: Epidemiology of Dementia in Japan 1.1 Introduction 1.2 EOD 1.2.1 Definition 1.2.2 Epidemiology 1.2.3 Illnesses Causing Dementia 1.3 LOD 1.3.1 Past Findings in Japan 1.3.2 The Most Recent National Survey in Japan References 2: Diagnostic Criteria for Alzheimer’s Disease 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The National Institute on Aging/Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) Criteria 2.2.1 AD Dementia 2.2.2 MCI Due to AD 2.2.3 Preclinical AD 2.3 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) Criteria References 3: Structural Neuroimaging in Alzheimer’s Disease 3.1 Introduction 3.2 VBM 3.2.1 VBM Using MRI 3.2.1.1 Optimized VBM 3.2.1.2 VBM Using SPM8 Plus Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration Using Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) 3.2.1.3 VBM in Normal Aging 3.2.1.4 VBM in AD 3.2.2 VBM Using X-Ray CT 3.2.2.1 Scan Parameter 3.2.2.2 Image Preprocessing and Segmentation 3.2.2.3 Atrophied Areas in AD Using X-Ray CT-VBM 3.2.2.4 Pursuit of the Clinical Findings 3.3 Voxel-Based Specific Regional Analysis System for Alzheimer’s Disease (VSRAD) References 4: MRI Diagnosis in Other Dementias 4.1 Senile Tauopathy 4.2 Dementia with Grains 4.2.1 Disease Concept 4.2.2 Problems with a Clinical Diagnosis 4.2.3 MRI Findings in DG 4.3 Senile Dementia of The Neurofibrillary Tangle Type (SD-NFT) 4.3.1 Disease Concept 4.3.2 Clinical Diagnosis 4.3.3 MRI Findings 4.4 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 4.4.1 Disease Concept 4.4.2 Clinical Profile 4.4.3 MRI Findings 4.4.3.1 PSP-RS 4.4.3.2 PSP-Subtypes 4.4.3.3 PSP-P 4.4.3.4 PSP-PAGF 4.4.3.5 PSP-PNFA 4.4.4 Differential Diagnosis 4.5 Corticobasal Degeneration and Corticobasal Syndrome 4.5.1 Disease Concept 4.5.2 Clinical Diagnosis 4.5.3 MRI Findings 4.6 Hippocampal Sclerosis of Aging 4.6.1 Disease Concept 4.6.2 Neuroimaging 4.6.3 Differential Diagnosis 4.7 Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH) 4.7.1 Disease Concept 4.7.2 MRI Findings of iNPH 4.7.3 Differential Diagnosis 4.7.4 Pathophysiology of CSF Dynamics Remains Unknown 4.8 Vascular Dementia 4.8.1 Disease Concept 4.8.2 MRI Diagnosis 4.8.2.1 Multi-Infarct Dementia 4.8.2.2 Strategic Single-Infarct Dementia 4.8.2.3 Small Vessel Disease with Dementia 4.8.2.4 Cortical Microinfarcts and Cognitive Decline 4.8.2.5 Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy 4.8.2.6 Hypoperfusion 4.8.2.7 Hemorrhagic Dementia 4.9 Treatable and Reversible Dementias 4.9.1 Infection 4.9.1.1 Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (sCJD) 4.9.1.2 HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Dysfunction/Disorders 4.9.1.3 Neuro-Syphilis 4.9.1.4 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 4.10 Other Forms of Dementia 4.10.1 Neoplasm 4.10.2 Metabolic 4.10.2.1 Wernicke Encephalopathy (Thiamine Deficiency) 4.10.2.2 Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy 4.10.3 Posticteric Encephalopathy, Epilepsy, Convulsion 4.10.4 Intoxication 4.10.4.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Intoxication 4.10.5 Autoimmune 4.10.5.1 Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis 4.10.5.2 Hashimoto Encephalopathy (Anti-NH2-Terminal of a-Enolase (NAE) Limbic Encephalopathy) 4.10.5.3 Neuropsychiatric Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE) 4.11 Other Forms of Dementia 4.11.1 Neuronal Intranuclear Hyaline Inclusion Disease 4.11.2 Hereditary Diffuse Leukoencephalopathy with Spheroids References 5: Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Dementia 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Evaluation of the White Matter in Alzheimer’s Disease Using Conventional MRI 5.3 Techniques for Analyzing Diffusion Tensor Images 5.3.1 Region of Interest (ROI) and Tract-Based Analysis 5.3.2 Voxel-Based Analysis and Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) Analysis 5.3.3 Non-Gaussian Distribution Diffusion 5.4 Reported Studies on White Matter Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease Using Various Methods for Analyzing Diffusion Tensor Data 5.5 Early Changes in the White Matter in the Alzheimer’s Disease Cases 5.6 Diffusion Tensor Studies on Other Diseases That Cause Dementia References 6: Arterial Spin Labeling in Dementia 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Quantification of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow 6.3 ASL Pulse Sequences 6.4 Analysis of ASL rCBF Maps 6.5 ASL of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias References 7: Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Dementia 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basic Principals of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 7.2.1 Chemical Shift 7.2.2 J-Coupling and Splitting Pattern 7.3 Metabolites Seen by Proton MRS in the Brain 7.3.1 N-Acetylaspartate (NAA) 7.3.2 N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) 7.3.3 Creatine and Phosphocreatine (Cr) 7.3.4 Choline-Containing Compounds (Cho) 7.3.5 Myoinositol (mIns) 7.3.6 Glutamine and Glutamate (Glx) 7.4 Spectrum Analyses 7.5 Quality Control 7.6 Acquisition Parameters and Sequences for MRS 7.7 Clinical Application of MRS for Dementia 7.7.1 Age-Related Change 7.7.2 Application to Alzheimer’s Disease 7.7.3 Application to Mild Cognitive Impairment 7.7.4 Limits on Progress References 8: Toward Clinical Application of Resting-­State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Dementia 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Principles of Functional MRI 8.3 Resting-State Functional (Connectivity) MRI 8.3.1 Principles of Resting-State Functional (Connectivity) MRI 8.3.2 Default Mode Network (DMN) 8.3.3 Measurement of rs-fMRI/rsfcMRI 8.3.4 Analysis of rs-fMRI/rsfcMRI 8.3.5 rsfcMRI for Diagnosis of Dementia References 9: FDG-PET in Alzheimer’s Disease 9.1 Introduction 9.2 18F-FDG-PET Findings in the Healthy Brain and in AD 9.3 Differentiation between Alzheimer’s and Non-­Alzheimer’s Dementia 9.4 FDG-PET for Mild Cognitive Impairment 9.5 Preclinical Stage FDG-PET References 10: Tau PET in Neurodegenerative Diseases Manifesting Dementia 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Requirements for a Tau PET Tracer 10.3 Tau PET Tracers 10.3.1 Naphthylethylidene Derivative 10.3.2 Phenyl/Pyridinyl-Butadienyl-Benzothiazoles/Benzothiazolium Derivative 10.3.3 Benzimidazole Pyrimidine Derivatives 10.3.4 Arylquinoline Derivatives 10.4 The Role of Tau Imaging References 11: Brain Perfusion SPECT in Alzheimer’s Disease 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Neuropathological Legions of Alzheimer’s Disease 11.3 Principle of Statistical Mapping 11.3.1 Preprocessing (Normalizing and Smoothing) 11.3.2 Generating Z-Score Images 11.4 SPECT Findings in Alzheimer’s Disease 11.4.1 Parietotemporal Cortex 11.4.2 Posterior Cingulate Gyrus and Precuneus 11.4.3 Medial Temporal Areas 11.5 Longitudinal SPECT Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease References 12: Neuroimaging of Dementia with Lewy Bodies 12.1 Introduction 12.2 MRI 12.3 Perfusion SPECT 12.4 MIBG Myocardial Scintigraphy 12.5 Dopamine Transporter (DAT) Imaging 12.6 Structural and Functional Changes in Idiopathic RBD (iRBD) References 13: Neuroimaging of Frontotemporal Lobe Degeneration 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Neuroimaging Associations with Clinical Subtype 13.2.1 Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia 13.2.2 Semantic Dementia 13.2.3 Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia References 14: Neuroimaging Study of Alzheimer’s Disease in Volunteer-Based Cohort 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Study Description 14.2.1 Study Purpose and Design 14.2.2 Examination Procedure 14.3 Criteria for Normal and Normalcy Rate 14.4 Normal Database Generation 14.5 Normal Aging on FDG PET 14.6 Effect of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 Allele on Neuroimaging Biomarkers References 15: Handling of MRI Data in a Multicenter Study 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Quality Control 15.2.1 Protocol Check 15.2.2 Image Quality Check 15.2.2.1 Checking Gibbs and Blurring Artifacts Within Cerebral Parenchyma or Outside 15.2.2.2 Checking Ghosting and Flow Artifacts 15.2.2.3 Checking Metal and Chemical Artifacts 15.2.2.4 Checking Aliasing (Warp-Around) Artifacts 15.2.2.5 Checking Coverage of the Head 15.2.3 Clinically Significant Findings Check 15.2.4 Preprocessed Intensity Inhomogeneity Correction and Distortion Correction 15.2.4.1 Correction of Intensity Inhomogeneity B1 Correction N3 Correction 15.2.4.2 Distortion Correction Grad-Unwarp Correction Phantom-Based Distortion Correction References 16: Standardization and Quality Control of Brain PET Data in a Multicenter Study 16.1 Method Dependency is a Challenge 16.2 Factors Affecting PET Drug Distribution 16.2.1 Accumulation Time 16.2.2 Subject Condition 16.3 Factors Affecting PET Image Quality 16.3.1 Resolution and Noise 16.3.2 Injection Activity and Scan Time 16.3.3 Reconstruction Parameters 16.3.4 Harmonization Between Cameras 16.4 Essential Image Quality for Brain PET 16.4.1 Key Image Quality to FDG-PET 16.4.2 Key Image Quality to Amyloid-PET 16.5 Phantom Test Criteria for FDG and Amyloid-PET 16.5.1 Phantom Tests in J-ADNI 16.5.2 JSNM Phantom Test Criteria 16.5.3 Basis for JSNM Phantom Criteria 16.6 Site and Camera Qualification 16.7 PET Quality Control in a Multicenter Study References