Diffusive Spreading in Nature, Technology and Society

Description

What do the movements of molecules and the migration of humans have in common? How does the functionality of our brain tissue resemble the flow of traffic in New York City? How can understanding the spread of ideas, rumors, and languages help us tackle the spread a pandemic? This book provides an illuminating look into these seemingly disparate topics by exploring and expertly communicating the fundamental laws that govern the spreading and diffusion of objects. A collection of leading scientists in disciplines as diverse as epidemiology, linguistics, mathematics, and physics discuss various spreading phenomena relevant to their own fields, revealing astonishing similarities and correlations between the objects of study―be they people, particles, or pandemics. This updated and expanded second edition of an award-winning book introduces timely coverage of a subject with the greatest societal impact in recent memory―the global fight against COVID-19. Winner of the 2019 Literature Prize of the German Chemical Industry Fund and brainchild of the international and long-running Diffusion Fundamentals conference series, this book targets an interdisciplinary readership, featuring an introductory chapter that sets the stage for the topics discussed throughout. Each chapter provides ample opportunity to whet the appetite of those readers seeking a more in-depth treatment, making the book also useful as supplementary reading in appropriate courses dealing with complex systems, mass transfer, and network theory. Foreword to the Second Edition Foreword to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Contents Editors and Contributors Part I Introduction 1 What the Book Is Dealing With References 2 Spreading Fundamentals 2.1 Diffusion Step by Step 2.2 From Random Walk to Fluxes 2.3 Interaction, Growth, and Conversion 2.4 Extending the Tools 2.5 Agent-Based Models of Spread 2.6 Epidemic Spreading References Part II Nature 3 Dispersal in Plants and Animals 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Comparing Diffusive Dynamics in Physics and Ecology 3.3 Static Spatial Distributions 3.3.1 Species Distribution Models (SDMs) 3.4 Spread Processes: Classical Approaches 3.4.1 On-site Dynamics 3.4.2 Reaction-Diffusion Approaches 3.5 Spatio-temporal Population Modeling: State of the Art 3.5.1 Spread Kernels 3.5.2 Stochastic Dynamics 3.6 Conclusions References 4 Search for Food of Birds, Fish, and Insects 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Lévy Motion and the Lévy Flight Hypothesis 4.2.1 Lévy Flights of Wandering Albatrosses 4.2.2 The Lévy Flight Hypothesis 4.3 Lévy or Not Lévy? 4.3.1 Revisiting Lévy Flights of Wandering Albatrosses 4.3.2 The Lévy Flight Paradigm 4.3.3 Two Different Lévy Flight Hypotheses 4.3.4 Intermittent Search Strategies as an Alternative to Lévy Motion 4.3.5 Theory of Lévy Flights in a Nutshell 4.4 Beyond the Lévy Flight Hypothesis: Foraging Bumblebees 4.4.1 Bumblebees Foraging Under Predation Risk 4.4.2 Velocity Distributions Versus Velocity Correlations: Experimental Results 4.5 Lévy Flights Embedded in Movement Ecology 4.6 Conclusions References 5 Epicuticular Wax Formation and Regeneration—A Remarkable Diffusion Phenomenon for Maintaining Surface Integrity and Functionality in Plant Surfaces 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Qualitative Explanation of Self-repairing Wax Layers 5.2.1 Chemical Properties of the Cuticle 5.2.2 Wax Transport and Cuticle Self-repair 5.2.3 Summary of Sect. 5.2 5.3 Quantitive Explanation of Self-repairing Wax Layers 5.3.1 Equation of Mass Transfer Through the Cuticle 5.3.2 Solution of the Water Flux Equation 5.3.3 Solution of the Transport Equation 5.3.4 Restoration of the Wax Layer as a Function of Time 5.4 Conclusions References 6 Brain Interstitial Structure Revealed Through Diffusive Spread of Molecules 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biophysical Properties of Interstitial Space 6.3 Diffusion Analysis Reveals Properties of Interstitial Space 6.4 Measuring Volume Fraction and Tortuosity with Real Time Iontophoresis 6.5 Modeling with MCell to Test Hypotheses About Structure 6.6 Measuring Tortuosity with Macromolecules Using Integrative Optical Imaging 6.7 Probing the Extracellular Matrix 6.8 New Horizons: Time-Resolved and Super-Resolution Techniques 6.9 Conclusions References 7 Turbulent Diffusion in the Atmosphere 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fick’s Laws Applied for Turbulent Diffusion 7.3 Quantification of Turbulent Diffusion 7.4 Conclusions References 8 Hot Brownian Motion 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Brownian Motion 8.3 Hot Brownian Motion 8.4 Hot Brownian Swimming 8.5 Detecting and Steering Hot Brownian Particles 8.6 Exact Symmetry of Hot Brownian Swimming 8.7 Conclusions References 9 On Phase Transitions in Biased Diffusion of Interacting Particles 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (ASEP) 9.2.1 ASEP Along a Ring 9.2.2 ASEP Coupled to Particle Reservoirs 9.3 Driven Lattice Gases with Repulsive Interactions 9.3.1 Current-Density Relation in the Bulk 9.3.2 Phase Diagram for Bulk-Adapted Couplings 9.3.3 Phase Diagram for Equilibrated-Bath Couplings 9.4 Conclusions References Part III Technology 10 Diffusive Spreading of Molecules in Nanoporous Materials 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Monitoring Molecular Spreading by Pulsed Field Gradient NMR 10.3 Recording the Evolution of Concentration Profiles by Microimaging 10.4 The Driving Force of Diffusion 10.5 Multicomponent Diffusion 10.6 Diffusion and Conversion 10.7 Transport Enhancement in Pore Hierarchies 10.8 Anomalous Diffusion 10.9 An IUPAC Initiative 10.10 Conclusions References 11 Nature-Inspired Optimization of Transport in Porous Media 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fundamental Features of Mass Transport Phenomena in Porous Media 11.3 Basic Description of Transport in Porous Media 11.3.1 Geometrical Description of Porous Media 11.3.2 Influence of the Structure of Porous Media on Transport Properties 11.4 Nature-Inspired Engineering Approach 11.5 Nature-Inspired Optimization of Porous Catalysts 11.6 Nature-Inspired Optimization of PEM Fuel Cells 11.7 Conclusions References 12 Expanding NMR Versatility 12.1 Introduction 12.2 NMR Diffusion Measurements 12.2.1 Basics of Diffusion NMR Measurements 12.2.2 Advancing Capability 12.3 Applications to Gases, Liquids, and Gels 12.3.1 Chemically Diffusing Species 12.3.2 Gels and Macroscopically Aligned Lyotropic Liquid Crystals 12.3.3 Reacting, Binding and Exchanging Systems 12.3.4 Electrophoretic NMR and Flow 12.4 Porous Systems 12.4.1 Anisotropic Geometries 12.5 Diffusion and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 12.5.1 DWI and Isotropic Diffusion 12.5.2 DTI and Anisotropic Diffusion 12.5.3 Localized Diffusion 12.6 Conclusions References 13 Diffusion in Materials Science and Technology 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Mathematical Description of Diffusion 13.3 Diffusion as a Random Walk Process 13.4 Diffusion Mechanisms in Metals 13.5 Diffusion in Amorphous Alloys 13.6 Diffusion in Polymers 13.7 Diffusion During Severe Plastic Deformation 13.8 Conclusions References 14 Innovation Management and the Purposive Design of Diffusion Processes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Theoretical Background 14.2.1 Conceptual Foundations 14.2.2 Mathematical Modelling 14.3 Interference with Diffusion 14.3.1 Creative User Behaviour 14.3.2 Purposive Designs 14.4 Spatial Redesign 14.4.1 User Integration 14.4.2 Open Laboratories 14.5 Conclusion References 15 The Spreading of Techno-visionary Futures 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Techno-visionary Futures as Origins of Innovation Stories 15.3 The Power of Visionary Ideas 15.4 Creation and Spreading of Techno-visionary Futures 15.4.1 The Social Construction of Futures 15.4.2 Providing Orientation by Assessing Futures 15.4.3 The Spreading of Visions 15.5 Conclusions References Part IV Society 16 Neolithic Transitions: Diffusion of People or Diffusion of Culture? 16.1 Introduction 16.2 First Improvement: Beyond the Second-Order Approximation 16.3 Second Improvement: Cohabitation Equations 16.4 Demic-Cultural Model 16.5 Demic Versus Cultural Diffusion in the Spread of the Neolithic in Europe 16.6 Conclusions References 17 The Diffusion of People and Cultures in the Course of the Spread of Farming 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Agent-Based Gradient Adaptive Model GLUES 17.2.1 Local Characteristic Variables 17.2.2 Adaptive Dynamics 17.2.3 Local Population Growth 17.2.4 Spatial Diffusion Model 17.2.5 Three Types of Diffusion 17.3 Model Applications to Diffusion Questions 17.4 Conclusions References 18 Modeling Language Shift 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Modeling Approaches 18.2.1 Abrams and Strogatz Model 18.2.2 Generalizations 18.3 Diffusion-Reaction Models with Bilingual Transition State 18.3.1 Basic Model 18.3.2 Diglossia Model 18.4 The Gaelic-English Language Shift 18.4.1 Basic Model 18.4.2 Diglossia Model 18.5 Discussion 18.6 Conclusions References 19 Spreading of Failures in Interdependent Networks 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Robustness of Interdependent Networks 19.3 Interdependent Networks with Realistic Features 19.4 Localized Attacks on Interdependent Networks 19.5 Recovery in Single Networks and Interdependent Networks 19.6 Conclusions References 20 Human Mobility, Networks and Disease Dynamics on a Global Scale 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Modeling Disease Dynamics 20.2.1 Spatial Models 20.2.2 The Impact of Long-Distance Transmissions 20.3 Modeling Disease Dynamics on a Global Scale 20.4 Issues with Computational Models 20.5 Effective Distance 20.6 Recovery of Concentric Patterns 20.7 Reconstruction of Outbreaks 20.8 Conclusions References 21 On the Spreading of Epidemics and Percolation Theory 21.1 Introduction 21.2 The SIR Equations 21.3 Epidemic Models and Percolation 21.4 Epidemics on Tree-Like Structures 21.4.1 Spreading of a Disease 21.4.2 Behavior Near the Epidemic Threshold 21.4.3 Cluster Statistics 21.4.4 Large Single Epidemic Events Near the Epidemic Threshold 21.4.5 Effect of Vaccinations on the Epidemic Threshold 21.5 Epidemics on Regular Planar Networks 21.6 Epidemics on Networks Without Spatial Constraints 21.6.1 Power-Law Distribution upper P left parenthesis k right parenthesisP(k) with Exponential Cutoff 21.6.2 Scale-Free Networks 21.7 Networks with Spatial Constraints 21.8 Targeted Immunization Strategies 21.9 Conclusions References 22 The Fight Against COVID-19: The Gap Between Epidemiologic and Economic Approaches 22.1 Introduction: General Considerations 22.2 Applications to Epidemiological Problems 22.3 A Short Survey of Theoretical Contributions by Economists 22.3.1 Individual Behavior Following the Announcement of an Epidemic 22.3.2 Public Interventions: The Optimal Lockdown 22.4 Conclusion References 23 Superspreading and Heterogeneity in Epidemics 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Microbes, Military, and Malady 23.3 SIR-Storm in a Teacup 23.4 Transmission Heterogeneity 23.5 Heterogeneous Contact Networks 23.6 A Tale of Tail Risks 23.7 Spatial Spreading 23.8 Breakdown of Macroscopic Determinism 23.9 Disease Control Paradox 23.10 Genomic Superspreading 23.11 Survival of the Flattest and the Flu 23.12 The Eco-Evolutionary Perspective 23.13 Lessons from Frustrating Games 23.14 Infodemics 23.15 Conclusions References Index