Advances in Plant Tissue Culture: Current Developments and Future Trends

Description

Advances in Plant Tissue Culture: Current Developments and Future Trends provides a complete and up-to-date text on all basic and applied aspects of plant tissue cultures and their latest application implications. It will be beneficial for students and early-career researchers of plant sciences and plant/agricultural biotechnology. Plant tissue culture has emerged as a sustainable way to meet the requirements of fresh produces, horticultural crops, medicinal or ornamental plants. Nowadays, plant tissue culture is an emerging filed applied in various aspects, including sustainable agriculture, plant breeding, horticulture and forestry. This book covers the latest technology, broadly applied for crop improvement, clonal propagation, Somatic hybridization Embryo rescue, Germplasm conservation, genetic conservation, or for the preservation of endangered species. However, these technologies also play a vital role in breaking seed dormancy over conventional methods of conservation. Front matter Copyright Contributors A general introduction to and background of plant tissue culture: Past, current, and future aspects Introduction Milestones Direct and indirect organogenesis Somatic embryogenesis Plant tissue culture for trait improvement Plant tissue culture for plant production Conclusion and future trends References Micropropagation for multiplication of disease-free and genetically uniform sugarcane plantlets Introduction History of plant tissue culture Micropropagation Stem/node culture The general technique The laboratory setup Media preparation area Aseptic transfer area Culture room Acclimatization area Sterilization Nutrient medium Stages in micropropagation Stage I: Establishment of aseptic cultures Stage II: Growth and differentiation of shoots Stage III: Root induction in the shoots Stage IV: Preparation for growth in natural environment (hardening) Micropropagation studies in sugarcane Quality assurance for disease-free and genetically uniform seed cane Advantages of tissue culture-raised sugarcane Constraints of in vitro propagation Conclusions References Role of plant tissue culture medium components Introduction Basic composition of culture medium Minerals Vitamins Amino acids Sugars Plant growth regulators (PGRs) Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins (GAs) Abscisic acid Ethylene Solidifying agents Acidity (pH) Medium formulations Additional supplements to culture medium Activated charcoal Purpose Source Concentration Antioxidants Purpose Chemical compounds Concentration Ethylene inhibitors Purpose Chemical compounds Concentration Complex organic additives Coconut water Casein hydrolysate Yeast extract Other organic additives Polyamines Addition of antibiotics and fungicides Liquid culture medium Uses Cell suspension culture Rooting Secondary metabolites Somatic embryogenesis Advantages and disadvantages Temporary submersion culture Bioreactors Sterilization of culture medium Filtration Autoclave Microwave Photoautotrophic culture medium Definition and technique Advantages and disadvantages Ventilation Automation of culture medium preparation Operating efficiency Instruments Cost-effectiveness Utilization of nanoparticles in culture medium Conclusion and prospects Acknowledgments References The journey and new breakthroughs of plant growth regulators in tissue culture Introduction Auxin Cytokinin Gibberellic acid Abscisic acid Brassinosteroid Jasmonic acid Salicylic acid Strigolactones Phloroglucinol Other PGRs and tissue culture of recalcitrant plants Conclusion and future prospective References Plant tissue culture: Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis Introduction Somatic embryogenesis Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis Explant Genotype Growth regulators Auxin Cytokinins Gibberellins and abscisic acid Culture medium and gelling agent Other factors Temperature Photoperiod Ethylene biosynthesis Somatic embryogenesis developmental process—Embryo induction, development maturation, and germination Advantages Limitations Organogenesis Direct organogenesis Indirect organogenesis Factors affecting organogenesis Explant Genotype Culture medium, plant growth regulators, and gelling agent Other factors Season of the year Oxygen gradient Light Temperature Ploidy level Age of culture Organogenesis developmental process—Dedifferentiation, induction, differentiation Dedifferentiation Induction Differentiation Advantages and limitations References Genetic transformation via plant tissue culture techniques: Current and future approaches The importance of the genetic transformation technique for research and production of superior plants History of plant genetic transformation technique development Establishment of Agrobacterium -mediated gene transfer Alternatives for Agrobacterium -mediated plant transformation Genetic engineering techniques developed to introduce specific change in plants Genetic transformation via plant tissue culture technique Gene introduction Tissue culture as a basic tool in molecular biotechnology research Application of tissue culture and genetic transformation in plant biotechnology Important genes are widely transferred to plants Perspective on genetic transformation as an excellent tool in biotechnology References Anther culture for haploid plant production Introduction History of anther culture A generalized method for haploid production through anther culture Factors affecting anther culture Plant genotype Developmental stage of pollen Physiological state and growth conditions of donor plant Media composition Culture conditions Pretreatment of explant Wall factor Production of doubled haploid plant Identification of haploid plants Detection of ploidy Detection of homozygosity Application of anther culture in crop improvements Production of homozygous regenerants Triploid production Mutation breeding Gene mapping and genomics Production of all-male populations Analytical breeding Production of the homozygous transgenic lines Progress in the haploid production through anther culture Conclusion and prospects References Morpho-anatomical characterization of in vitro regenerated plants Introduction Essential oil rose Narrow-leaved lavender and lavandin Garden Canna Garden chrysanthemum Clematis Common fig Persimmon Peach Conclusion and perspective Acknowledgments References Plant tissue culture targeting germplasm conservation Introduction Potential application of in vitro technology for germplasm conservation Explants used for germplasm conservation Short- and medium-term conservation through slow growth storage Low-temperature storage Use of minimal growth medium/osmotic regulators Use of growth retardants Storage under low oxygen environment Combination of more than one treatment Encapsulation technology and short- to medium-term conservation Long-term conservation by cryopreservation Concluding remarks References Somatic embryogenesis in medicinal plants Introduction Somatic embryogenesis Modes of somatic embryogenesis Direct somatic embryogenesis (DSE) Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) Somatic embryogenesis (SE) and plant recovery Advantages of somatic embryogenesis Disadvantages of somatic embryogenesis Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis Role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the development of somatic embryos Auxin Cytokinin Ethylene Gibberellic acid Effect of nature of explant, culture conditions, and genotype on somatic embryogenesis Explant Medium pH Carbon source Nitrogen source Additives Effects of light Molecular aspects of somatic embryogenesis Auxin responsive genes LAFL genes Serk gene LEC gene BBM gene WUSCHEL ( WUS) GhCKI LEA WIND Uses of somatic embryogenesis in plant improvement Cell selection Regeneration of genetically transformed plants Synthetic seed production Metabolite production Virus-free plant development Germplasm conservation Conclusion Acknowledgments References Embryo rescue: A potential tool for improvement of economically important crops Introduction History of embryo rescue Culture medium for embryo rescue Culture medium types Culture medium composition Phytohormones in culture media Manipulation of embryo for culture Embryo culture technique Immature embryo culture Mature embryo culture Applications of embryo culture Prevention of abortion in wide crosses Production of haploids Overcoming or breaking seed-dormancy Shortening the breeding cycle Prevention of embryo abortion with early-ripening stone fruits Embryos for propagation/conservation/germplasm exchange Germination of seeds of obligatory parasites Future prospects and conclusion Acknowledgment References Strategies to overcome explant recalcitrance under in vitro conditions Introduction Factors contributing to recalcitrance Molecular basis of recalcitrance Case studies Conclusion References Further reading Improving crops through transgenic breeding—Technological advances and prospects Introduction Plant tissue culture techniques of relevance to GT Genetic transformation methods and the need for new developments Biological methods Agrobacterium-mediated transformation Virus-mediated transformation Physical methods Particle bombardment Electroporation Microinjection Macroinjection Silica/carbon fibers-mediated gene transfer Sonication Chemical methods PEG-mediated transformation Calcium-phosphate method Liposome-mediated gene delivery Assessment of different methods of genetic transformation Factors affecting transformation efficiency New methods of genetic transformation Nanoparticles-based gene delivery Genome editing in plants Agrobacterium -mediated method PEG-mediated and Particle bombardment methods Other transformation methods Conclusions and prospects References Meristem culture: A potential technique for in vitro virus-free plants production in vegetatively propagated crops Introduction Transmission of plant viruses Need for meristem culture Meristem isolation from infected plants Culture media for meristem culture Carbon and energy sources Vitamins and myo-inositol Amino acids and plant growth regulators Eradication of plant viruses through meristem culture Future prospects Conclusion Acknowledgment References Plant tissue culture in tree species Introduction Tissue culture on tree species Regeneration through organogenesis Regeneration through somatic embryogenesis Study of genetic fidelity to improve plants’ quality Conclusion References The role of plant tissue culture in pharmaceuticals and secondary metabolites production Introduction Secondary metabolites Production of secondary metabolites in organ cultures Hairy root culture Genetic manipulation in hairy root culture for secondary metabolite Shoot culture Production of secondary metabolites in callus cultures Production of secondary metabolites in cell suspension cultures Role of metabolic engineering in secondary metabolite production Techniques to enhance the synthesis of secondary metabolites Increasing flux through pathway Decrease catabolism Increase of percentage of producing cells Genetic manipulations Redirecting common precursors Elicitors Classification of elicitors Role of nanoparticles Transgenic plants Genome editing Conclusion and future perspective References Tissue culture: A perpetual source for the conservation of medicinally important endangered plant species Introduction The importance of tissue culture of medicinally important plants Established tissue cultures of some medicinal plants Centella asiatica Callus induction Shoot induction Adventitious shoot proliferation In vitro rooting Curculigo orchioides Shoot induction Root induction Rauvolfia serpentina Coscinium fenestratum Vanasushava pedata The role of tissue culture in genetic engineering of medicinally endangered plants Genetic transformation Production of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants References Phytochemical studies in the field of plant tissue culture Introduction The history of phytochemicals in medicinal plant research Phytochemical and tissue culture Secondary metabolites Conclusion References Further reading Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y Z