Cancer Nanotechnology

Description

Cancer nanotechnology is a growing, emerging area of cross-disciplinary research that aims to develop efficient, specific and noninvasive approaches to restore the health and well-being of all cancer patients through more effective diagnosis and treatment. This new volume serves as a fundamental guide to cutting-edge topics in cancer nanotechnology, including advances in therapy, the use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials, future directions for nanocarriers in cancer therapy, and the application of DNA and RNA nanovaccines. Organized into four sections, the volume presents an overview of research and innovation in the emerging field of nanotechnology as a powerful tool in the diagnosis, imaging and treatment of cancer. International experts author chapters addressing targets of cancer therapy, materials for cancer nanotechnology, strategies for cancer therapy using nanotechnology, and innovative nanotechnologies for cancer diagnosis and treatment. The volume will be useful for a broad audience, including cross-disciplinary researchers, trainees, health professionals, and experts in industry.  Preface Contents Part I: Materials for Cancer Nanotechnology Lipid Nanocarriers for Breast Cancer Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Properties and Advantages of Lipid Nanocarriers for Breast Cancer Management 3 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Breast Cancer: Approved and Under Development 4 Nanocarriers for Parenteral Administration 4.1 Liposomes 4.1.1 Co-encapsulation of Drugs 4.1.2 Long-Circulating Liposomes 4.1.3 Stimulus-Responsive Liposomes 4.1.4 Ligand-Targeted Liposome 4.1.5 Liposome-Based Gene Therapy 4.1.6 Liposomes for Theranostics 4.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 4.3 Nanoemulsions and Microemulsions 4.4 Liquid Crystalline Phases 5 Nanocarriers for Oral Administration 5.1 Liposomes 5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) 5.3 Micro- and Nanoemulsions 5.4 Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles (LCNPs) 6 Nanocarriers for Localized Treatment 6.1 Intraductal Therapy 6.1.1 Liposomes 6.1.2 Nanoemulsions 6.2 Topical-Transdermal Therapy 6.2.1 Vesicles 6.2.2 Micro- and Nanoemulsions 6.2.3 Lipid Nanoparticles 6.2.4 Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles 6.3 Subcutaneous Delivery 6.3.1 Microemulsions 6.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 7 Conclusions References Polymeric Nanocarriers in Cancer Theranostics 1 Introduction 2 Nanostructured Carriers and Cancer Treatment 3 Photodynamic (PDT) and Photothermal (PTT) Cancer Therapies 3.1 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 3.2 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 4 Imaging Agents and Techniques in Cancer Theranostics 5 Fluorophores as Photosensitizers in Theranostics 6 Polymeric Nanoparticles as Nanotheranostics 7 Inorganic-Based Probes in Polymeric Nanoparticles for Imaging 8 Polymeric Nanoparticles with Organic Fluorescent Tracers and Photosensitizers 9 Concluding Remarks References Functionalization of Nanosystems in Cancer Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Strategies for Functionalization of Nanostructures 2.1 Non-covalent Functionalization 2.2 Covalent Functionalization 2.2.1 Carbodiimide Chemistry 2.2.2 Maleimide Chemistry 2.2.3 Click Chemistry 3 Active Targeting Strategies 3.1 Proteins 3.2 Peptides 3.3 Small Molecules 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 3D Bioprinting for Cancer Models 1 Introduction 2 Tumor Microenvironment Multicellularity 3 Bioprinting Living and Non-living Entities for Functional Organotypic Models 3.1 Breast Cancer 3.2 Ovarian Cancer 3.3 Pancreatic Cancer 3.4 Brain Cancer 3.5 Hepatic Cancer 4 Current Limitations in 3D Bioprinting 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Monoclonal Antibodies in Nanosystems as a Strategy for Cancer Treatment 1 Introduction 2 Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Therapy (mAbs) 2.1 Antibody Structure 2.2 Biotechnological Synthesis Techniques 2.2.1 Hybridoma 2.2.2 Transgenic Mouse 2.2.3 Phage Display 2.3 Engineered Therapeutic mAbs 2.3.1 Chimeric mAbs 2.3.2 Humanized mAbs 2.3.3 Human mAbs 2.3.4 Bispecific mAbs 2.4 Therapeutic Applications of mAbs in Cancer Therapy 2.4.1 Blocking Cell Signaling 2.4.2 Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) 2.4.3 Antibody-Mediated Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) 2.4.4 Cancer Immunotherapy 2.4.5 Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) 3 Functionalization Strategies 3.1 Non-covalent Methods 3.1.1 Adsorption 3.1.2 Avidin-Biotin System 3.2 Covalent Bonding 3.2.1 Carbodiimide Chemistry 3.2.2 Maleimide Chemistry 3.2.3 Click Chemistry 3.2.4 Other Covalent Methodologies 4 Nanoparticles Functionalized with Antibodies 4.1 Lipid Nanoparticles 4.1.1 Liposomes 4.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 4.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 4.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 4.3.1 Iron 4.3.2 Gold 4.3.3 Silica 4.3.4 Quantum Dots 5 Conclusion References Part II: Strategies for Cancer Therapy Through Nanotechnology Nanotechnology to Correct Mitochondrial Disorders in Cancer Diseases 1 Introduction 2 The Mitochondrial Genome 2.1 Mitochondrial Genes 2.2 Mitochondrial Gene Mutations and Mitochondrial DNA Diseases 2.3 Mutations of the Mitochondrial ND1 Gene and Associated Diseases 2.4 Mitochondria as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer 3 Mitochondrial Gene Therapy 3.1 Mitochondrial Gene/Protein Expression and Mitochondria Targeting Using Nanotechnology 3.1.1 Mitochondrial Gene/Protein Expression 3.1.2 Mitochondrial-Targeted Delivery Systems 3.1.3 Mitochondria-Targeted Peptide Delivery Systems 3.2 Future Challenges References Chronobiology and Nanotechnology for Personalized Cancer Therapy 1 Mammalian Circadian Clock 2 Circadian Disruption and Cancer Development 3 Chronotherapy for Cancer Treatment 4 Nanotechnology Applied for Cancer Treatment 5 Chronotherapy and Nanotechnology 6 Conclusions References The Function of DNA and RNA Nanovaccines in the Treatment of Cancer 1 Introduction 2 Vaccine in Treatment and Prevention 3 Tumor Antigen 4 Nanovaccines Properties 4.1 DNA Vaccines 4.2 mRNA Vaccines 4.3 Neoantigen-Based Vaccine 5 Nanocarrier Design and Development: Critical Points to Induce the Immune Response 6 Viruslike Particles as a Nanocarrier 7 Conclusion References Messenger RNA Nanovaccine in Cancer Immunotherapy 1 Introduction 2 mRNA Modification 2.1 5′ Cap 2.2 UTRs 2.3 Poly(A) Tail 2.4 Nucleotide Modification 3 mRNA Delivery System 3.1 Protamine-Based Technology 3.2 Polymer Carrier Technology 3.3 Lipid Nanoparticle Technology (LNP) 3.4 Ionizable Cationic Lipid 3.5 Phospholipids 3.6 LNP Application in COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine 4 Adjuvant 4.1 Delivery Carriers with Self-Adjuvant Properties 5 Antigen Selection for mRNA Cancer Vaccine 6 Future Directions of mRNA Cancer Vaccine References Part III: Innovative Nanotechnologies for Cancer Diagnostic and Treatment Nanoparticles for Therapy and Diagnostic Imaging Techniques in Cancer 1 Introduction 2 Nanoparticles for Therapy 2.1 Hyperthermia 2.1.1 Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 2.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles Applied in Photothermal Therapy 2.1.3 Photothermal Therapy and Bone Regeneration 2.2 Curcumin Loaded in Nanoparticles as a Therapeutic Agent 3 Nanomaterials Applied in Diagnostic Imaging Techniques 3.1 Exploring the Intrinsic Properties of Rare-Earth Elements 3.1.1 Luminescence of Rare-Earth Elements 3.1.2 Magnetic Properties of Rare-Earth Elements 4 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Treatment, Diagnosis, and Theranostics 4.1 Overview of Radiation in Medicine 4.2 Diagnosis of Cancer with Radiolabeled Multifunctional Nanomaterials 4.3 Radiolabeled Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostics 4.4 Curcumin-Based Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Theranostic Purposes 4.5 Radiolabeling Techniques for Nanomaterials and Future Perspectives 5 Summary References Polymeric Microneedle-Based Drug Delivery Platforms for Application in Cancer Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Microneedles 2.1 General Structure and Properties 2.2 Production Techniques 3 Microneedles as Anticancer Vaccines 4 Intratumoral Administration of Therapeutics 5 Limitations and Future Perspectives 6 Conclusions References Clinical Trials Involving Chemotherapy-Based Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: State of the Art and Future Directions 1 Introduction 2 Cancer Physiology 3 Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 3.1 Types of Nanoparticles 3.1.1 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 3.1.2 Polymeric Nanocarriers 3.1.3 Inorganic Nanocarriers 3.2 Mechanism of Action of Classic Chemotherapeutic Agents 3.3 Marketed Chemotherapy-Loaded Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment 3.4 Clinical Development of Nanoparticulate Systems for Cancer Treatment 4 Challenges in Nanomedicine Clinical Translation 5 Conclusions References Index