Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period: 900-480 BC

Description

In this fully illustrated study, Rune Frederiksen assembles all sources for Archaic city walls in the ancient Greek world, and argues that widespread fortification of settlements and towns, usually considered to date from the Classical period, in fact took place much earlier. Frederiksen discusses the types of fortified settlement and the topography of urban fortification, and also the preservation of structures from early settlements. He also presents an architectural history of Greek fortification walls before the Classical period, and makes the intriguing observation that early monumental architecture developed just as much in fortifications as it did in early temples. This underlines the importance of the secular sphere for the development of early communities across the Greek world. acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-1 Title Pages Rune Frederiksen Title Pages (p.i) Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period (p.ii) Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology (p.iii) Greek City Walls of the Archaic Period 900–480 BC Title Pages Title Pages Title Pages acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-5 Dedication Rune Frederiksen Dedication acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-6 (p.vii) Preface Rune Frederiksen (p.vii) Preface (p.vii) Preface (p.vii) Preface (p.vii) Preface acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-8 (p.x) List of Figures Rune Frederiksen (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures (p.x) List of Figures acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-9 (p.xvii) List of Tables Rune Frederiksen (p.xvii) List of Tables (p.xvii) List of Tables acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-10 (p.xviii) List of Maps Rune Frederiksen (p.xviii) List of Maps acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-11 (p.xix) Abbreviations Rune Frederiksen (p.xix) Abbreviations Ancient Authors and Texts Dates (p.xix) Abbreviations General (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations (p.xix) Abbreviations acprof-9780199578122-chapter-1 Introduction Rune Frederiksen Introduction Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords Introduction Aims Introduction Research History Introduction Introduction (p.6) Sources Introduction Introduction Organization of the Book Notes: Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction acprof-9780199578122-chapter-2 Types of Fortification Rune Frederiksen Types of Fortification Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords Types of Fortification Early Iron Age Fortifications Archaic Fortifications Types of Fortification Fortification of Settlements of the Polis Polis-Town Harbours Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Villages Types of Fortification Private estates/farms Fortification of Polis Territory Forts Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Towers Fortification Beyond the Polis Types of Fortification Regional defences Regional and Panhellenic sanctuaries Types of Fortification Nucleated Settlements and Urban(?) Centres Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Notes: Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification Types of Fortification acprof-9780199578122-chapter-3 City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Rune Frederiksen City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords Terminology City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Meaning of the word τεῖχος‎ City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Τεῖχος‎ as a settlement City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Other terms implying fortification Πόλις ἀτείχιστος‎ City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Attestations of actual Fortified Poleis City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Indirect Attestations of City Walls City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Attestations of Groups of Walled Poleis City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts ΤΕΪΧΟζ‎ in the Archaic Greek World Homeric city walls City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Walls in Archaic poetry City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City walls in the visual arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts Notes: City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts City Walls in the Written Record and the Visual Arts acprof-9780199578122-chapter-4 Preservation of City Walls Rune Frederiksen Preservation of City Walls Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Destruction in Modern Times Preservation of City Walls Destruction in Antiquity and the Middle Ages Preservation of City Walls (p.45) War-Related Destruction Preservation of City Walls Destruction Due to Expansion or Reconstruction Preservation of City Walls Disrepair Preservation of City Walls (p.48) Natural Destruction Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Notes: Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls Preservation of City Walls acprof-9780199578122-chapter-5 The Archaeology of City Walls Rune Frederiksen The Archaeology of City Walls Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords Types of Urban Fortification The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Wall and Its Elements The Archaeology of City Walls The wall The Archaeology of City Walls Gates The Archaeology of City Walls Towers and bastions The Archaeology of City Walls Other elements Wall Identification Identification on the basis of construction The Archaeology of City Walls The case of Old Smyrna The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls Identification from topography The Archaeology of City Walls Identification from context The Archaeology of City Walls Notes: The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls The Archaeology of City Walls acprof-9780199578122-chapter-6 Dating City Walls Rune Frederiksen Dating City Walls Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords Dating City Walls Walls Dated by External Evidence Dating City Walls Dating by Masonry Style Dating City Walls Walls constructed in polygonal masonry Dating City Walls Walls constructed in the Lesbian style Dating City Walls Dating City Walls Walls Dated by other Means Dating City Walls Dating City Walls Dating by written sources Conclusion Notes: Dating City Walls Dating City Walls Dating City Walls Dating City Walls Dating City Walls Dating City Walls Dating City Walls acprof-9780199578122-chapter-7 Topographical and Architectural Analysis Rune Frederiksen Topographical and Architectural Analysis Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords Introduction Topographical and Architectural Analysis Early Iron Age Fortification Walls Topography Topographical and Architectural Analysis Construction and architecture Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Gates Towers Topographical and Architectural Analysis (p.74) Seventh-Century City Walls Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Distribution and topography Topographical and Architectural Analysis Construction and architecture Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Middle Archaic City Walls Topographical and Architectural Analysis Distribution and topography Topographical and Architectural Analysis Construction and architecture Walls Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Gates Topographical and Architectural Analysis Towers Other elements Late Archaic City Walls Topographical and Architectural Analysis Distribution and topography Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Construction and architecture Walls Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Gates Topographical and Architectural Analysis Towers Other elements Topographical and Architectural Analysis General Conclusions Location and topography Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Construction and architecture Walls Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Wall Width and Location Topographical and Architectural Analysis (p.95) Wall Height Topographical and Architectural Analysis The Wall Top Gates Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Towers and bastions Topographical and Architectural Analysis Glacis Outworks Topographical and Architectural Analysis Differences between early and later walls Topographical and Architectural Analysis City Walls and early Monumental Architecture Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Notes: Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis Topographical and Architectural Analysis acprof-9780199578122-chapter-8 The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Rune Frederiksen The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Rune Frederiksen Abstract and Keywords The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Period Before 600 BC The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Geographical distribution: the problem of central Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The settlement at Lefkandi Homer and Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Number of walls and settlements The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Period 600–480/79 BC The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Geographical distribution The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Numbers of city walls and types of source The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The case of the Greek West The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The case of Ionia in the sixth century BC The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Black Sea in the sixth century BC The Prevalence of City Walls in Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Conclusions The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece Notes: The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece The Prevalence of City Walls in Early Iron Age and Archaic Greece acprof-9780199578122-chapter-9 Catalogue of City Walls Rune Frederiksen Catalogue of City Walls Rune Frederiksen Note on the Catalogue Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Abai (B), Phokis Catalogue of City Walls Abdera (A), Thrace. Fig. 11 Phase 1, Fig. 12. Catalogue of City Walls Phase 2, Fig. 12. Catalogue of City Walls Achilleion (A), Troad (Besika Burnu/Beşik-Yassitepe). Fig. 13 Catalogue of City Walls Agios Andreas (A), Siphnos. Fig. 15 Catalogue of City Walls Aigina (A), Aigina ISL. Fig. 16 Catalogue of City Walls Akragas (A), Sicily. Fig. 17 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Alalie (A), Corsica. Fig. 18 Alope (B), East Lokris Catalogue of City Walls Amathous (A, C), Cyprus. Fig. 19 Catalogue of City Walls (C) Ambrakia (A), Akarnania. Fig. 20 Catalogue of City Walls Andros (C), Andros ISL Catalogue of City Walls Antissa (A), Lesbos. Fig. 21 Apollonia (A), Illyricum. Fig. 23 Catalogue of City Walls Argos (A, B), Argolis. Fig. 24 (A) Catalogue of City Walls (B) Arisba (B), Lesbos Catalogue of City Walls Asine (A), Argolid. Fig. 25 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Assos (B), Troas Catalogue of City Walls Athens (C), Attika Catalogue of City Walls Atrax (B), Thessaly Barke (C), Kyrenaika Catalogue of City Walls Boucheta (B), Epirus Bouthroton (A), Epirus. Fig. 26 Catalogue of City Walls Chaironeia (B), Boiotia Chalke (B), Islet at Rhodes Catalogue of City Walls Corinth (A, B), Corinthia. Fig. 27 Catalogue of City Walls (A) Catalogue of City Walls (B) Dreros (B), Crete Eleusis (A), Attika. Fig. 30 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Emporio (A), Chios. Fig. 31 Catalogue of City Walls Ephesos (A, C), Ionia. Fig. 32 Catalogue of City Walls (C) Eresos (B), Lesbos Eretria (A, B, C), Euboia. Fig. 33 Catalogue of City Walls (A) phase 1. Figs. 34, 35 (reconstruction). Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls (A) Phase 2, Figs. 36, 37 (reconstruction). Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls (B) (C) Euesperides (A), Kyrenaika. Fig. 38 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Gargara (B), Troas Gela (A, C), Sicily. Fig. 40 Catalogue of City Walls (C) Gonnos (B), Perrhaibia (Thessaly) Catalogue of City Walls Gortyn (C), Crete Gyrton (B), Thessaly Catalogue of City Walls Halai (A), East Lokris. Fig. 43 Catalogue of City Walls Haliartos (B), Boiotia Catalogue of City Walls Halieis (A), Argolis. Fig. 44 Phases 1–2. Catalogue of City Walls Phase 3. Heloron (A), Sicily. Fig. 45 Catalogue of City Walls Hephaistia (A), Lemnos. Fig. 48 Herakleia Minoa (B), Sicily Catalogue of City Walls Himera (B), Sicily Catalogue of City Walls Hipponion (B), Magna Graecia Hyele (A), Magna Graecia. Fig. 49 Catalogue of City Walls Hyettos (B), Boiotia Catalogue of City Walls Hypsele (A), Andros ISL. Fig. 50 Catalogue of City Walls Iasos (A), Karia. Fig. 51 Catalogue of City Walls Idalion (A), Cyprus. Fig. 52 Phase 1. Catalogue of City Walls Phase 2. Catalogue of City Walls Issa (B), Issa ISL. Illyria Istros (A), The Black Sea. Fig. 53 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Kallipolis (C), Sicily Kalydon (A, C), Aetolia. Fig. 54 Catalogue of City Walls (C) Catalogue of City Walls Kamarina (A), Sicily. Fig. 57 Karystos (C), Euboia ISL Catalogue of City Walls Kasmenai (B), Sicily Catalogue of City Walls Kaulonia (A), Magna Graecia. Fig. 58 Catalogue of City Walls Klazomenai (A?), Ionia Kyme (B, C), Aeolis Catalogue of City Walls (C) Kyme (A, C), Magna Graecia. Fig. 59 Catalogue of City Walls Phase 1 (fase Ib). Catalogue of City Walls Phase 2 (fase Ic). (C) Catalogue of City Walls Lamia (B), Malis Lamponeia (B), Troas Larisa on Hermos (B), Aeolis Catalogue of City Walls Larisa On Pheneos (B), Thessaly Larymna (B), East Lokris Catalogue of City Walls Leontinoi (A, C), Sicily. Fig. 60 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls (C) Lindos (C), Rhodes ISL Catalogue of City Walls Lipara (B), Lipara ISL Lokroi Epizephyrioi (A), Magna Graecia. Fig. 64 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Massalia (A), Southern France. Fig. 66 Catalogue of City Walls Megara Hyblaea (A, C), Sicily. Fig. 67 Phase 1 (‘le rempart primitif’). Catalogue of City Walls Phase 2 (‘l’enceinte archaïque ancienne’). Phase 3 (‘les enceintes archaïques en grand appareil’). Catalogue of City Walls (C) Melie (A), Ionia. Figs. 70–1 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Phase 1, Fig. 71. Phase 2, Fig. 72. Catalogue of City Walls Melos (B), Melos ISL Catalogue of City Walls Mesambria (C), Thrace Metapontion (A), Magna Graecia. Fig. 73 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Methymna (B), Lesbos. Fig. 75 Catalogue of City Walls Miletos (A, B, C), Ionia. Fig. 76 Catalogue of City Walls Phase 1, Fig. 77. Phase 2, Fig. 77. Catalogue of City Walls (B) (C) Catalogue of City Walls Minoa (A), Amorgos. Fig. 79 Catalogue of City Walls Myrina (B, C), Lemnos Catalogue of City Walls (C) Myrkinos (C), Thrace Catalogue of City Walls Myrmekeion (A), (Cape Karantinnyi), the Black Sea. Fig. 80 Catalogue of City Walls (p.173) Mytilene (B), Lesbos Naxos (A, C), Sicily. Fig. 81 Catalogue of City Walls Phase 1, Fig. 82. Phase 2, Fig. 82. Catalogue of City Walls Phase 3, Fig. 67. Catalogue of City Walls (C) Naxos (C), Naxos ISL Neandria (B), Troas Catalogue of City Walls Nisyros (B), Nisyros ISL Oikonomos (A), Islet Off Paros. Fig. 84 Catalogue of City Walls (p.176) Oiniadai (B), Akarnania Catalogue of City Walls Oisyme (B), Thrace Old Paphos. Old Smyrna. Olynthos (C), Chalkidike Catalogue of City Walls Opous (B), East Lokris Orchomenos (B), Boiotia Catalogue of City Walls Oresthasion (B), (Anemodouri Arkadia Pagasai (B), (Soros), Thessaliy Catalogue of City Walls Paphos, Old (A), Cyprus. Fig. 85 Phase 1, Fig. 86. Catalogue of City Walls Phase 2, Fig. 86. Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Paros (B, C), Paros ISL Catalogue of City Walls (C) Pergamon (A), Aeolis. Fig. 90 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Phagres (C), Thrace Catalogue of City Walls Phaistos (A), Crete. Fig. 92 Catalogue of City Walls Pharsalos (B), Thessaly Phokaia (A, C), Ionia. Fig. 93 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls (C) Pistyros (A), Pontolivadou, Thrace Catalogue of City Walls Poiessa (B), Keos Poteidaia (C), Khalkidike (Pallene) Prinias (B), Crete Catalogue of City Walls Pyrrha (B), Lesbos Catalogue of City Walls Salamis (A), Cyprus. Fig. 95 Catalogue of City Walls Samos (B, C), Ionia Catalogue of City Walls (C) Samothrake (B), Samothrake ISL Catalogue of City Walls Selinous (A), Sicily. Fig. 96 Catalogue of City Walls Phase 1. Phase 2. Catalogue of City Walls (p.187) Sigeion (C), Troas Siphnos (B), Siphnos ISL Catalogue of City Walls Siris (A), Magna Graecia. Fig. 99 Skepsis? (B), Küçük İkizce, Troas Catalogue of City Walls Smyrna Old (A, C), Ionia. Fig. 100 Catalogue of City Walls Phase 1 (Wall 1). Catalogue of City Walls Phase 2 (Wall 2). Catalogue of City Walls Phase 3 (Wall 3). Catalogue of City Walls (C) Soloi (C), Cyprus Catalogue of City Walls Stagiros (A), Thrace (Khalkidiki). Fig. 104 Catalogue of City Walls Sybrita (B), Crete Catalogue of City Walls Syrakousai (C), Sicily Taucheira (A), Kyrenaika. Fig. 105 Catalogue of City Walls Teichioussa (A), Şapliadasi, Ionia. Fig. 107 Catalogue of City Walls Teos (B, C), Ionia Catalogue of City Walls (C) Thasos (A, C). Thasos ISL. Fig. 108 Catalogue of City Walls Phase 1, Figs. 108, 109. Catalogue of City Walls Phase 2. Catalogue of City Walls (C) Thebai (B), Ionia Catalogue of City Walls Thebe (C), Aeolis Thebes (C), Boiotia Catalogue of City Walls Tiryns (C), Argolis Vathy Limenari (A), Dhonousa ISL Catalogue of City Walls Vroulia (A), Rhodes. Fig. 111 Catalogue of City Walls Waxos (B), Crete Catalogue of City Walls Xobourgo (A), Tenos ISL. Fig. 112 Catalogue of City Walls Catalogue of City Walls Zagora (A), Andros. Fig. 114 Catalogue of City Walls Zankle (C), Sicily acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-12 (p.201) Tables Rune Frederiksen (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables (p.201) Tables acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-13 Maps Rune Frederiksen Maps Maps Maps Maps Maps acprof-9780199578122-miscMatter-14 (p.221) Addenda Rune Frederiksen (p.221) Addenda (p.221) Addenda (p.221) Addenda acprof-9780199578122-indexList-1 (p.223) Index of Ancient Writers Rune Frederiksen (p.223) Index of Ancient Writers (p.223) Index of Ancient Writers acprof-9780199578122-indexList-2 (p.224) Index of Names and Places Rune Frederiksen (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places (p.224) Index of Names and Places acprof-9780199578122-indexList-3 (p.230) Subject Index Rune Frederiksen (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index (p.230) Subject Index