Human anatomy & physiology laboratory manual. Cat version

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Cover......Page 1 Getting Started......Page 2 Title Page......Page 8 Copyright Page......Page 9 Contents......Page 10 Acknowledgments......Page 19 1. The Language of Anatomy......Page 20 1. Locating Body Regions......Page 22 2. Practicing Using Correct Anatomical Terminology......Page 23 3. Observing Sectioned Specimens......Page 25 5. Locating Abdominal Surface Regions......Page 27 Group Challenge: The Language of Anatomy......Page 29 Review Sheet......Page 30 2. Organ Systems Overview......Page 34 3. Opening the Ventral Body Cavity......Page 36 4. Examining the Ventral Body Cavity......Page 37 5. Examining the Human Torso Model......Page 42 Group Challenge: Odd Organ Out......Page 43 Review Sheet......Page 44 3. The Microscope......Page 46 1. Identifying the Parts of a Microscope......Page 47 2. Viewing Objects Through the Microscope......Page 48 3. Estimating the Diameter of the Microscope Field......Page 51 5. Preparing and Observing a Wet Mount......Page 52 Review Sheet......Page 54 4. The Cell: Anatomy and Division......Page 58 1. Identifying Parts of a Cell......Page 59 2. Identifying Components of a Plasma Membrane......Page 60 4. Examining the Cell Model......Page 61 5.Observing Various Cell Structures......Page 62 7. “Chenille Stick” Mitosis......Page 64 Review Sheet......Page 68 5. The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability......Page 72 1. Observing Diffusion of Dye Through Agar Gel......Page 74 3. Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis Through Nonliving Membranes......Page 75 5. Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis Through Living Membranes......Page 77 6. Observing the Process of Filtration......Page 79 Group Challenge: Comparing and Contrasting Membrane Transport Processes......Page 81 Review Sheet......Page 82 6. Classification of Tissues......Page 86 Group Challenge 1: Identifying Epithelial Tissues......Page 93 2. Examining Connective Tissue Under the Microscope......Page 95 3. Examining Nervous Tissue Under the Microscope......Page 101 4. Examining Muscle Tissue Under the Microscope......Page 102 Group Challenge 2: Identifying Connective Tissue......Page 105 Review Sheet......Page 106 7. The Integumentary System......Page 112 1. Locating Structures on a Skin Model......Page 114 3. Comparing Hairy and Relatively Hair-Free Skin Microscopically......Page 117 5. Plotting the Distribution of Sweat Glands......Page 119 6. Taking and Identifying Inked Fingerprints......Page 120 Review Sheet......Page 122 8. Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilages......Page 126 1. Examining a Long Bone......Page 130 3. Examining the Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone......Page 132 4. Examining the Osteogenic Epiphyseal Plate......Page 134 Review Sheet......Page 136 9. The Axial Skeleton......Page 140 1. Identifying the Bones of the Skull......Page 141 Group Challenge: Odd Bone Out......Page 150 2. Palpating Skull Markings......Page 152 3. Examining Spinal Curvatures......Page 153 4. Examining Vertebral Structure......Page 157 5. Examining the Relationship Between Ribs and Vertebrae......Page 158 6. Examining a Fetal Skull......Page 159 Review Sheet......Page 160 10. The Appendicular Skeleton......Page 168 1. Examining and Identifying Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton......Page 169 2. Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral Girdle and the Upper Limb......Page 171 3. Observing Pelvic Articulations......Page 174 4. Comparing Male and Female Pelves......Page 176 5. Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb......Page 180 6. Constructing a Skeleton......Page 181 Review Sheet......Page 182 11. Articulations and Body Movements......Page 190 2. Identifying Cartilaginous Joints......Page 191 4. Demonstrating the Importance of Friction-Reducing Structures......Page 193 5. Demonstrating Movements of Synovial Joints......Page 195 6. Demonstrating Actions at the Hip Joint......Page 197 7. Demonstrating Actions at the Knee Joint......Page 198 8. Demonstrating Actions at the Shoulder Joint......Page 200 9. Examining the Action at the TMJ......Page 201 Group Challenge: Articulations: “Simon Says”......Page 203 Review Sheet......Page 204 12. Microscopic Anatomy and Organization of Skeletal Muscle......Page 208 2. Observing the Histological Structure of a Skeletal Muscle......Page 211 3. Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular Junction......Page 212 Review Sheet......Page 214 13. Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System......Page 218 2. Identifying Muscles of the Trunk......Page 220 3. Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb......Page 234 4. Identifying Muscles of the Lower Limb......Page 239 Group Challenge: Name That Muscle......Page 243 6. Making a Muscle Painting......Page 245 Review Sheet......Page 248 14. Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Frogs and Human Subjects......Page 256 1. Observing Muscle Fiber Contraction......Page 257 2. Inducing Contraction in the Frog Gastrocnemius Muscle......Page 259 3. Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue in Humans......Page 264 4. Electromyography in a Human Subject Using BIOPAC®......Page 265 Review Sheet......Page 272 15. Histology of Nervous Tissue......Page 276 1. Identifying Parts of a Neuron......Page 279 2. Studying the Microscopic Structure of Selected Neurons......Page 281 3. Examining the Microscopic Structure of a Nerve......Page 283 Review Sheet......Page 284 16. Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses: Frog Subjects......Page 288 1. Stimulating the Nerve......Page 291 2. Inhibiting the Nerve......Page 292 3. Visualizing the Compound Action Potential with an Oscilloscope......Page 293 Review Sheet......Page 296 17. Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves......Page 298 1. Identifying External Brain Structures......Page 300 2. Identifying Internal Brain Structures......Page 302 3. Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves......Page 307 Group Challenge: Odd (Cranial) Nerve Out......Page 315 Review Sheet......Page 316 18. Electroencephalography......Page 322 1. Observing Brain Wave Patterns Using an Oscilloscope or Physiograph......Page 323 2. Electroencephalography Using BIOPAC®......Page 324 Review Sheet......Page 328 19. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves......Page 330 1. Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord......Page 331 2. Identifying Spinal Cord Tracts......Page 334 Group Challenge: Fix the Sequence......Page 341 Review Sheet......Page 342 20. The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 346 1. Locating the Sympathetic Trunk......Page 347 3. Exploring the Galvanic Skin Response (Electrodermal Activity) Within a Polygraph Using BIOPAC®......Page 349 Review Sheet......Page 356 21. Human Reflex Physiology......Page 358 1.Initiating Stretch Reflexes......Page 360 3.Initiating the Plantar Reflex......Page 362 6. Initiating Pupillary Reflexes......Page 363 8. Initiating the Salivary Reflex......Page 364 9.Testing Reaction Time for Intrinsic and Learned Reflexes......Page 365 10. Measuring Reaction Time Using BIOPAC®......Page 366 Review Sheet......Page 368 22. General Sensation......Page 372 1. Studying the Structure of Selected Sensory Receptors......Page 374 2. Determining the Two-Point Threshold......Page 375 5. Demonstrating Adaptation of Temperature Receptors......Page 376 6. Demonstrating the Phenomenon of Referred Pain......Page 377 Review Sheet......Page 378 23. Special Senses: Anatomy of the Visual System......Page 380 2. Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye......Page 382 3. Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina......Page 383 4. Predicting the Effects of Visual Pathway Lesions......Page 387 Review Sheet......Page 388 1. Demonstrating the Blind Spot......Page 392 2. Determining Near Point of Accommodation......Page 393 3. Testing Visual Acuity......Page 394 5. Testing for Color Blindness......Page 395 7. Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Eye Muscles......Page 396 8. Conducting an Ophthalmoscopic Examination......Page 397 Review Sheet......Page 398 25. Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium......Page 402 1. Identifying Structures of the Ear......Page 403 2. Examining the Ear with an Otoscope (Optional)......Page 405 4. Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing......Page 406 5. Audiometry Testing......Page 409 7. Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium......Page 410 Review Sheet......Page 414 26. Special Senses: Olfaction and Taste......Page 418 1. Microscopic Examination of the Olfactory Epithelium......Page 420 4. Examining the Combined Effects of Smell, Texture, and Temperature on Taste......Page 421 6. Demonstrating Olfactory Adaptation......Page 423 Review Sheet......Page 424 27. Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands......Page 426 1. Identifying the Endocrine Organs......Page 427 2. Examining the Microscopic Structure of Endocrine Glands......Page 431 Group Challenge: Odd Hormone Out......Page 433 Review Sheet......Page 434 28. Endocrine Wet Labs and Human Metabolism......Page 438 1. Determining the Effect of Pituitary Hormones on the Ovary......Page 439 2. Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism......Page 440 Group Challenge: Thyroid Hormone Case Studies......Page 441 Review Sheet......Page 442 29. Blood......Page 444 2. Examining the Formed Elements of Blood Microscopically......Page 447 3. Conducting a Differential WBC Count......Page 450 4. Determining the Hematocrit......Page 451 5. Determining Hemoglobin Concentration......Page 453 6. Determining Coagulation Time......Page 454 7. Typing for ABO and Rh Blood Groups......Page 455 9. Measuring Plasma Cholesterol Concentration......Page 457 Review Sheet......Page 458 30. Anatomy of the Heart......Page 464 1. Using the Heart Model to Study Heart Anatomy......Page 467 2. Tracing the Path of Blood Through the Heart......Page 468 3. Using the Heart Model to Study Cardiac Circulation......Page 469 4. Examining Cardiac Muscle Tissue Anatomy......Page 470 Review Sheet......Page 474 31. Conduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography......Page 478 1A. Recording ECGs Using a Standard ECG Apparatus......Page 482 1B. Electrocardiography Using BIOPAC®......Page 483 Review Sheet......Page 488 32. Anatomy of Blood Vessels......Page 490 1. Examining the Microscopic Structure of Arteries and Veins......Page 492 2. Locating Arteries on an Anatomical Chart or Model......Page 499 3. Identifying the Systemic Veins......Page 503 4. Identifying Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation......Page 504 5. Tracing the Pathway of Fetal Blood Flow......Page 505 6. Tracing the Hepatic Portal Circulation......Page 507 Review Sheet......Page 508 33. Human Cardiovascular Physiology: Blood Pressure and Pulse Determinations......Page 514 1. Auscultating Heart Sounds......Page 517 2. Palpating Superficial Pulse Points......Page 518 3. Measuring Pulse Using BIOPAC®......Page 519 5. Using a Sphygmomanometer to Measure Arterial Blood Pressure Indirectly......Page 521 6. Estimating Venous Pressure......Page 522 7. Observing the Effect of Various Factors on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate......Page 523 8. Examining the Effect of Local Chemical and Physical Factors on Skin Color......Page 525 Review Sheet......Page 528 34. Frog Cardiovascular Physiology......Page 534 1. Investigating the Automaticity and Rhythmicity of Heart Muscle......Page 535 2. Recording Baseline Frog Heart Activity......Page 537 4. Assessing Physical and Chemical Modifiers of Heart Rate......Page 540 5. Investigating the Effect of Various Factors on the Microcirculation......Page 542 Review Sheet......Page 544 35. The Lymphatic System and Immune Response......Page 548 1. Identifying the Organs of the Lymphatic System......Page 550 2. Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node, the Spleen, and a Tonsil......Page 551 Group Challenge: Compare and Contrast Lymphoid Organs and Tissues......Page 553 3. Using the Ouchterlony Technique to Identify Antigens......Page 554 Review Sheet......Page 556 36. Anatomy of the Respiratory System......Page 560 3. Examining Prepared Slides of Trachea and Lung Tissue......Page 566 Review Sheet......Page 568 37. Respiratory System Physiology......Page 572 1. Operating the Model Lung......Page 573 2. Auscultating Respiratory Sounds......Page 575 3. Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using Spirometers......Page 576 5. Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using BIOPAC®......Page 582 6. Visualizing Respiratory Variations......Page 586 7. Demonstrating the Reaction Between Carbon Dioxide (in Exhaled Air) and Water......Page 588 9. Exploring the Operation of the Carbonic Acid–Bicarbonate Buffer System......Page 589 Review Sheet......Page 590 38. Anatomy of the Digestive System......Page 596 1. Identifying Alimentary Canal Organs......Page 597 2. Studying the Histologic Structure of the Stomach and the Gastroesophageal Junction......Page 602 3. Observing the Histologic Structure of the Small Intestine......Page 605 4.Examining the Histologic Structure of the Large Intestine......Page 607 5. Identifying Types of Teeth......Page 608 7. Examining Salivary Gland Tissue......Page 609 8. Examining the Histology of the Liver......Page 610 Review Sheet......Page 612 39. Digestive System Processes: Chemical and Physical......Page 618 1. Assessing Starch Digestion by Salivary Amylase......Page 619 2. Assessing Protein Digestion by Trypsin......Page 622 3. Demonstrating the Emulsification Action of Bile and Assessing Fat Digestion by Lipase......Page 623 Group Challenge: Odd Enzyme Out......Page 624 5. Observing Movements and Sounds of the Digestive System......Page 625 6. Viewing Segmental and Peristaltic Movements......Page 626 Review Sheet......Page 628 40. Anatomy of the Urinary System......Page 632 1. Identifying Urinary System Organs......Page 634 2. Studying Nephron Structure......Page 637 3. Studying Bladder Structure......Page 640 Group Challenge: Urinary System Sequencing......Page 641 Review Sheet......Page 642 41. Urinalysis......Page 646 1. Analyzing Urine Samples......Page 648 2. Analyzing Urine Sediment Microscopically (Optional)......Page 651 Review Sheet......Page 652 42. Anatomy of the Reproductive System......Page 654 1. Identifying Male Reproductive Organs......Page 655 2. Penis......Page 658 5. Identifying Female Reproductive Organs......Page 659 7. Uterine Tube......Page 662 Review Sheet......Page 664 43. Physiology of Reproduction: Gametogenesis and the Female Cycles......Page 670 2. Examining Events of Spermatogenesis......Page 672 3. Examining Meiotic Events Microscopically......Page 674 5. Comparing and Contrasting Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis......Page 675 6. Observing Histological Changes in the Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle......Page 677 Review Sheet......Page 680 44. Survey of Embryonic Development......Page 684 2. Examining the Stages of Human Development......Page 685 3. Identifying Fetal Structures......Page 688 4. Studying Placental Structure......Page 689 Review Sheet......Page 690 45. Principles of Heredity......Page 694 1. Working Out Crosses Involving Dominant and Recessive Genes......Page 695 2. Working Out Crosses Involving Incomplete Dominance......Page 696 3. Working Out Crosses Involving Sex-Linked Inheritance......Page 697 5. Using Phenotype to Determine Genotype......Page 698 6. Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Identify Normal Hemoglobin, Sickle Cell Anemia, and Sickle Cell Trait......Page 700 Group Challenge: Odd Phenotype Out......Page 701 Review Sheet......Page 702 46. Surface Anatomy Roundup......Page 706 1. Palpating Landmarks of the Head......Page 707 2. Palpating Landmarks of the Neck......Page 709 3. Palpating Landmarks of the Trunk......Page 711 4. Palpating Landmarks of the Abdomen......Page 713 5. Palpating Landmarks of the Upper Limb......Page 715 6. Palpating Landmarks of the Lower Limb......Page 718 Review Sheet......Page 722 1. Dissection and Identification of Cat Muscles......Page 724 2. Dissection of Cat Spinal Nerves......Page 742 3. Identification of Selected Endocrine Organs of the Cat......Page 748 4. Dissection of the Blood Vessels of the Cat......Page 752 5. The Main Lymphatic Ducts of the Cat......Page 762 6. Dissection of the Respiratory System of the Cat......Page 764 7. Dissection of the Digestive System of the Cat......Page 768 8. Dissection of the Urinary System of the Cat......Page 774 9. Dissection of the Reproductive System of the Cat......Page 778 PhysioEx 9.1 Computer Simulations Exercises......Page 784 1. Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability......Page 786 2. Skeletal Muscle Physiology......Page 800 3. Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses......Page 818 4. Endocrine System Physiology......Page 842 5. Cardiovascular Dynamics......Page 858 6. Cardiovascular Physiology......Page 876 7. Respiratory System Mechanics......Page 888 8. Chemical and Physical Processes of Digestion......Page 902 9. Renal System Physiology......Page 914 10. Acid-Base Balance......Page 932 11. Blood Analysis......Page 944 12. Serological Testing......Page 960 Credits......Page 972 Index......Page 974 Laboratory Safety Guidelines......Page 1000 The Metric System......Page 1001 Back Cover......Page 1002