Handbook of Scholarly Publications from the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Volume 1, 2000-2020

Description

This handbook represents a collection of previously published technical journal articles of the highest caliber originating from the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT). The collection will help promote and affirm the leading-edge technical publications that have emanated from AFIT, for the first time presented as a cohesive collection. In its over 100 years of existence, AFIT has produced the best technical minds for national defense and has contributed to the advancement of science and technology through technology transfer throughout the nation. This handbook fills the need to share the outputs of AFIT that can guide further advancement of technical areas that include cutting-edge technologies such as blockchain, machine learning, additive manufacturing, 5G technology, navigational tools, advanced materials, energy efficiency, predictive maintenance, the internet of things, data analytics, systems of systems, modeling & simulation, aerospace product development, virtual reality, resource optimization, and operations management. There is a limitless vector to how AFIT’s technical contributions can impact the society. Handbook of Scholarly Publications from the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT), Volume 1, 2000-2020, is a great reference for students, teachers, researchers, consultants, and practitioners in broad spheres of engineering, business, industry, academia, the military, and government. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Editors SECTION 1 Cyber Security Chapter 1 Evaluating Information Assurance Strategies 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background 1.3 Value-Focused Thinking 1.3.1 Introduction 1.3.2 Overview of Value Model Development 1.3.3 Measuring the Attainment of Objectives 1.3.4 Building Single Dimension Value Functions 1.3.5 Multi-Objective Simple Additive Value Function 1.4 Evaluation of IA Strategy 1.5 Modeling IA 1.6 Information and Is Protection 1.7 Detection 1.8 Reaction 1.8.1 Respond 1.8.2 Restore 1.9 Consideration of Operational Capabilities and IA 1.10 Functionality 1.11 Interoperability 1.12 Efficiency 1.13 Convenience 1.14 Consideration of the Cost of IA Strategies 1.15 Finite-Resource Consumption 1.15.1 Time to Effectiveness 1.15.2 Human Resources 1.16 Fiscal Resources 1.17 Illustrative Example 1.17.1 Achieving a Balanced IA Strategy 1.18 Summary 1.18.1 Recommendations for Future Research Acknowledgments References Chapter 2 Analysis of Systems Security Engineering Design Principles for the Development of Secure and Resilient Systems 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Standardized Systems Security Approach 2.2.1 Defining Systems Security Engineering 2.2.2 The NIST Sp 800-160 Vol. 1 Development Strategies and Design Principles 2.3 Methodology for Mapping Systems Security Strategies to Design Principles 2.3.1 Standardized Approach for Systems Security and Resiliency 2.3.2 Introduction to Design Structure Matrices 2.3.3 Design Structure Matrix Analysis 2.3.4 Additional Definitions 2.4 Security Principles Mapping Discussion 2.4.1 Security Strategies 2.4.1.1 Access Control 2.4.1.2 Defense in Depth 2.4.1.3 Isolation (Physical and Logical) 2.4.1.4 Resiliency 2.4.2 Design Principles 2.4.2.1 Clear Abstractions 2.4.2.2 Least Common Mechanism 2.4.2.3 Modularity and Layering 2.4.2.4 Ordered Dependencies (Partially) 2.4.2.5 Efficiently Mediated Access 2.4.2.6 Minimized Sharing 2.4.2.7 Reduced Complexity 2.4.2.8 Secure Evolvability 2.4.2.9 Trusted Components (Elements) 2.4.2.10 Hierarchical Trust 2.4.2.11 Commensurate Protection 2.4.2.12 Hierarchical Protection 2.4.2.13 Minimized Trusted Components 2.4.2.14 Least Privilege 2.4.2.15 Multi-Factor Permissions 2.4.2.16 Self-Reliance 2.4.2.17 Secure Composition 2.4.2.18 Trusted Communication 2.4.5 ANALYSIS RESULTS 2.5.1 Interpretation 2.5.2 Notional Case Study Example 2.5.2.1 Concept Phase 2.5.2.2 Development Phase 2.5.2.3 Production Phase 2.5.2.4 Utilization/Support Phase 2.5.2.5 Retirement Phase 2.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment Disclaimer References Chapter 3 Operator Suspicion and Human–Machine Team Performance Under Mission Scenarios of Unmanned Ground Vehicle Operation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Research Hypotheses, Variables, and Measurements 3.3.2 Experimental Procedures, Design, and Setting 3.4 Results 3.5 Discussions and Conclusion 3.5.1 Sentinel Alert, Suspicion, and Information-Seeking Behavior 3.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 4 Performance Evaluations of Quantum Key Distribution System Architectures 4.1 The Emergence of QKD-Enabled Cryptography 4.2 Exploiting Quantum Physics for Security 4.3 Implementation Nonidealities 4.4 Eavesdropping on QKD Systems 4.5 Quantum Hacking 4.6 Advancement of QKD Technology 4.7 Qubits Exist in a State of Superposition 4.8 Qubits Can't Be Measured Directly 4.9 Qubits Can't Be Perfectly Copied 4.10 The QKD Security–Performance Trade Space 4.11 QKD Trade Space Evaluations 4.12 Modeled QKD System Architecture 4.13 QKD Laser Sources with Decoy State Implementations 4.14 Competing SPD Technologies 4.15 Impact of Polarization State Errors Acknowledgments References SECTION 2 Data Analytics Chapter 5 Multimodal Data Fusion for Systems Improvement: A Review 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Contribution and Article Organization 5.2 Decomposition-Based Fusion Algorithms 5.2.1 Factor and Canonical Analysis 5.2.2 Tensor and Functional Data Analysis 5.2.2.1 Tensor Regression Approaches 5.2.2.2 Coupled Decomposition 5.2.2.3 Structural Revealing Decomposition 5.2.2.4 Self-Expressive Models 5.2.2.5 Regularization for Functional and Multimodal Data 5.2.3 Generalized PCA and Beyond 5.3 Neural Network-Based Fusion 5.3.1 Early Fusion 5.3.2 Late Fusion 5.3.3 Intermediate Fusion 5.4 Discussion on Domain Knowledge and Data Fusion 5.5 Challenges and Future Research Directions 5.6 Conclusion Data Availability Statement References Chapter 6 Cost Estimating Using a New Learning Curve Theory for Non-Constant Production Rates 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review and Background 6.3 Methodology 6.4 Analysis & Results 6.5 Conclusions References Chapter 7 A Learning Curve Model Accounting for the Flattening Effect in Production Cycles 7.1 Literature Review 7.2 Methodology 7.2.1 Model Formulation 7.2.2 Population and Sample 7.2.3 Data Collection 7.2.4 Analysis 7.2.5 Statistical Significance Testing 7.3 Analysis and Results 7.4 Discussion 7.4.1 Limitations 7.4.2 Recommendations for Future Research References SECTION 3 Space Technologies Chapter 8 Shifting Satellite Control Paradigms: Operational Cybersecurity in the Age of Megaconstellations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Current Satellite Control Operations 8.3 Anatomy of Megaconstellations 8.4 Satellite-Control Evolution 8.5 Satellite Survivability Considerations 8.6 The Networked Operations Center 8.7 Conclusion Notes Chapter 9 Using a CubeSat Reference Architecture for Accelerated Model Development and Analysis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Model-Based Systems Engineering 9.3 Reference Architectures 9.4 Rapid Design Environment 9.4.1 Developing a CubeSat Reference Architecture 9.5 Use of CubeSat Reference Architecture for Requirements Verification and Validation 9.6 Use of CubeSat Reference Architecture for Generating Traditional Documentation 9.7 Mission Modeling on the AFIT CubeSat Bus 9.8 Future Work and Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 Cislunar Debris Propagation Following a Catastrophic Spacecraft Mishap 10.1 Nomenclature 10.2 Introduction 10.3 Background 10.3.1 Natural Debris in Cislunar Space 10.3.2 Collinear Lagrange Point Debris 10.3.3 Kordylewski Clouds 10.4 Methodology 10.4.1 The Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem 10.4.2 The Bi-circular Restricted Four-Body Problem 10.4.3 Spacecraft Pre-Mishap Trajectories 10.4.4 Catastrophic Mishap Model 10.4.5 Spacecraft Survivability 10.5 Analysis and Results 10.5.1 Case Study 1: Apollo-like Transfer 10.5.2 Case Study 2: Manifold Transfer 10.5.3 Case Study 3: Stable Lagrange Points 10.6 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Elliptical Orbit Proximity Operations Differential Games 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Equations of Motion and Control Definition 11.3 Necessary Conditions for a Differential Game Solution 11.4 Differential Game Formulations Using Indirect Heuristic Method 11.5 Game Conditions 11.5.1 Intercept 11.5.2 Rendezvous 11.5.3 Obtain Sun Vector 11.5.4 Match Energy 11.5.5 Obtain Sun Vector and Match Energy 11.5.6 Match Energy and Remain in Close Proximity 11.6 Boundary Value Problem Formulations via Indirect Heuristic Method 11.7 Simulation Results 11.8 Solution Validation 11.9 Conclusions References SECTION 4 Human Factors Chapter 12 Systems Modeling Language Extension to Support Modeling of Human-Agent Teams 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Human-Agent Teaming Modeling Language Profile Overview 12.2.1 Assumptions and Definitions 12.2.2 Proposed Human-Agent Teaming Metamodel 12.2.3 HAT-DM Overview 12.3 A Simplified Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Example 12.4 Discussion and Conclusion 12.5 Disclaimer and Acknowledgment References Chapter 13 Effects of Agent Timing on the Human-Agent Team 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Method 13.2.1 Experimental Environment 13.2.2 Static Model Development 13.2.3 Baseline HITL Experiment 13.2.4 Dynamic Model Development 13.2.5 Simulation Experiment 13.2.6 Validation HITL Experiment 13.2.6.1 Participants 13.2.6.2 Experimental Design and Procedure 13.2.6.3 Apparatus 13.2.7 Simulation Extension Experiment 13.2.8 Data Analysis 13.3 Results 13.4 Discussion 13.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment and Disclosure References Chapter 14 Spatialized Audio Improves Call Sign Recognition During Multi-Aircraft Control 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Method 14.2.1 Human-in-the-Loop Experiment 14.2.1.1 Experimental Design 14.2.1.2 Participants 14.2.1.3 Experimental Procedure 14.2.1.4 Apparatus 14.2.2 Model Description 14.2.3 Data Analysis 14.2.3.1 Model Data Analysis 14.2.3.2 HITL Data Analysis 14.3 Results 14.3.1 Model Results 14.3.2 Human-in-the-Loop Experiment 14.4 Discussion 14.5 Conclusion 14.5.1 Funding 14.5.2 Acknowledgment References SECTION 5 Electromagnetics Chapter 15 Method for Generating a Figure of Merit for the Selection of Antennas Under Volumetric Constraint 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Antenna A-B Parameter 15.2.1 Construction and Plotting 15.2.2 Multiband Antennas 15.2.3 Ultrawideband Antennas 15.2.4 Comparison with Kirov's Results 15.3 Alternate Volumetric Figure of Merit 15.4 Conclusion References Chapter 16 First Principle Scintillation Characterization of Natural and Artificial Disturbances on V/W Band Signals in the Ionosphere Using the Multiple Phase Screen Technique 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Methodology 16.3 Results 16.4 Conclusion 16.5 Acknowledgments References Chapter 17 First Principle Computational EMI Model of V and W Wideband Signal Temporal Delay Induced by a HANE in the Ionosphere 17.1 Introduction 17.2 HANE Effects in the Ionosphere 17.3 Wideband Signal Model 17.4 Results 17.5 Conclusion 17.6 Future Work Acknowledgment References Chapter 18 Wideband SATCOM Model: Evaluation of Numerical Accuracy and Efficiency 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Ionosphere Scintillation Model 18.1.2 Parabolic Wave Equation 18.1.3 Gaussian Lens and Phase Screens 18.1.4 Numerical Techniques 18.2 Methodology 18.2.1 Parabolic Wave Equation Analytic Solution 18.2.2 Finite Difference Method 18.2.3 Spectral Method 18.2.4 Wideband Modulated Signal 18.3 Results 18.3.1 Amplitude and Phase of Received Field 18.3.2 Time Delay 18.3.3 Computational Efficiency 18.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References SECTION 6 Materials Technologies in Aerospace Applications Chapter 19 Understanding Flow Characteristics in Metal Additive Manufacturing 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Materials and Methodology 19.2.1 Fluid Flow Analysis Calculations 19.2.2 Experimental Samples 19.2.3 Experiment Setup 19.3 Results and Discussion 19.3.1 Predicted Roughness 19.3.2 Measured Geometries 19.3.3 Analysis of the Effective Roughness 19.3.4 Measured Average Roughness 19.3.5 Build Location 19.4 Conclusions 19.5 Data Availability Statement Acknowledgments Notation References Chapter 20 Fatigue Life Modeling and Experimentation of Additively Manufactured Components with Respect to Defect Size and Location 20.1 Nomenclature 20.2 Introduction 20.3 Background 20.3.1 AM Defects 20.3.2 Fatigue Life Modeling with Defects 20.4 Simulation 20.4.1 Defect Generation 20.4.2 Stress Map 20.4.3 Model Outputs 20.5 Hardware Development 20.5.1 Processing 20.5.2 Geometry Deviations 20.6 Testing 20.6.1 Fatigue Bar Testing 20.6.2 Turbine Blade Testing 20.7 Results 20.7.1 Fatigue Life Evaluation 20.7.2 Critical Failure Evaluation 20.8 Conclusion References Chapter 21 Analysis and Simulation of Hypervelocity Gouging Impacts for a High-Speed Sled Test 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Overview of Validated Material Flow Models 21.3 CTH Modeling of the HHSTT Gouge Scenario 21.3.1 Vertical Impact 21.3.2 Rail Tolerance Impact Case 21.3.3 CTH Simulation Results Compared against Experimental Data 21.3.3.1 Case 1: Rail Wear without Visible Surface Damage 21.3.3.2 Case 2: Rail Wear with Visible Surface Damage 21.3.3.3 Case 3: Hypervelocity Gouging 21.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 22 Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of an Icosahedron Frame which Exhibits Chaotic Behavior 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Background 22.3 Theory 22.4 Methodology 22.5 Results and Discussion 22.6 Conclusions Acknowledgment Nomenclature References SECTION 7 Optical Technologies Chapter 23 Quantitative Analysis of Cerium-Gallium Alloys Using a Hand-Held Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Device 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Sample Manufacturing 23.3 Spectral Acquisition and Pre-Processing 23.4 Analytical Line Selection 23.5 Univariate Calibration Curves and Limits of Detection 23.6 Multivariate Analysis 23.7 Concentration Mapping 23.8 Conclusions References Chapter 24 Measurement of Electron Density and Temperature from Laser-Induced Nitrogen Plasma at Elevated Pressure (1–6 Bar) 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Experiment Setup 24.3 Spectral Analysis: Extraction of the Stark Width and Determination of Electron Temperature 24.4 Derivation of Electron Density from Stark Broadening 24.5 Time-Resolved Measurement of Electron Temperature 24.6 Summary and Conclusions Funding Acknowledgments Disclosures References Chapter 25 On-Chip Silicon Photonic Controllable 2×2 Four-Mode Waveguide Switch 25.1 Working Principle and Optimization 25.2 Characteristics Evaluation 25.3 Discussion 25.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments Author Contributions Competing Interests References Chapter 26 Three-Dimensional Fabry–Pérot Cavities Sculpted on Fiber Tips Using a Multiphoton Polymerization Process 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Fabrication Process 26.3 Device Characterization 26.3.1 Measurement Setup 26.3.2 Measurement Results 26.4 Fiber Tip 3D Remote Sensors 26.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Index