Encyclopedia of Governance

Description

The Encyclopedia of Governance provides a one-stop point of reference for the diverse and complex topics surrounding governance for the period between the collapse of the post-war consensus and the rise of neoliberal regimes in the 1970s. This comprehensive resource concentrates primarily on topics related to the changing nature and role of the state in recent times and the ways in which these roles have been conceptualized in the areas of Political Science, Public Administration, Political Economy, and Sociology. Vol.1: Accountability-Judiciary Contents Editorial Board List of Entries Reader’s Guide About the Editor Contributors Preface Introduction A Accountability Family Resemblances: Accountability, Responsibility, Liability Some Rough Distinctions Democratic and Public Accountability The New Governance Agenda and the Culture of Accountability Action Research Pragmatic Participatory Many Ways of Knowing Worthwhile Purposes Emergent Form First-, Second-, and Third-Person Research Methodological Practices Adhocracy Adversarial Legalism Adversarial Versus Bureaucratic Legalism Causes Consequences Advocacy Networks African Governance The Emergence of Governance in Africa Governance Politics in Africa The Ambiguities of African Governance Agency Agencies and the Politics of Regulation Challenges for Governance and Democracy AIDS American Governance Anarchy Andean Community, Andean Pact Antiglobalization Arab Integration Pan-Arab Conceptions of Arab Integration Arab Integration as a Globalizing Tool Arms Control Asian Financial Crisis A Crisis of Governance Asian Governance Values and Development Debates Governance After the Crisis: Asian Governance and fiBadfl Governan Asia-pacific Economic Cooperation Association Models of Democratic Order Political Interest Intermediaries Neocorporatism Associational Networks Association Of Governments Association Of Southeast Asian Nations Audit Australasian Governance Authoritarianism Authoritarianism as a Style of Rule Authoritarianism as a Personality Trait Authority Waning State Authority? Authority Outside the State? Autopoiesis B Baltic State Cooperation Bear Market Benchmarking Border Theory Borders, Boundaries, and Frontiers From Frontiers to Borders: The Territorial Base of the Modern Political Order Blurring the Line: Perforation and Decomposition of Borders Bottom-up Approach Bounded Rationality Bretton Woods Managing the Postwar Global Economy Bretton Woods in Practice Brokerage Budgetary Autonomy Bull Market Bureaucracy Systems of Rule, Authority, and Bureaucracy Weber’s Ideal-Typical Concept of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy: Vice or Virtue? Bureaucracy and Modern Public Management Bureaucratic Politics Approach Bureau Shaping Business Cycle C Cairns Group Capacity Building Capitalism Capital Market Integration Caribbean Community Caribbean Governance Center-Local Relations Central-Local Governance and Networks Autonomy Control Chiang Mai Agreement Citizen-Centric Government Citizen Participation Citizenship Rights Active Citizenship Gender and Citizenship Contemporary Development of Citizenship City-Region Civic Capacity Civic Engagement Civic Republicanism Civic Virtue Civil Rights The Black Civil Rights Movement Other Movements Across the Globe Civil Service Civil Society Traditions Origins and Development Contemporary Political Discourse Clientelism The Clientelism of Notables The Clientelism of Parties and Political Modernization The Unofficial Mechanisms of Governance Climate Change The Global Governance of the Climate The Challenges of Climate Governance Clinical Governance Closed Regionalism Coalition Coercion Significance of the Term Contemporary Usage in the Study of Governance Collaborative Governance Background Potential Benefits Criticism Collaborative Planning Collaborative Problem Solving Collective Action Collective Wage Bargaining Collusion Commission On Global Governance Common But Differentiated Responsibilities Common Good Common Market For Eastern And Southern Africa Common-pool Resource Commonwealth Of Independent States Communication Communicative Action Communicative Rationality Communism Communitarianism Community Association Community Organizing Competition Policy Competition State Competitiveness Complexity Background and Development of Complexity Theory Complexity Theory and Social Science Compliance Cost Confederalism Confidence-building Measure Conflict Mediation Conflict Mediation’s Significance to Emerging Governance Contemporary Conflict Mediation Linkages Between Conflict Mediation and Governance Confucian Governance Consensus Democracy Consent Consociationalism Constitutionalization Example 1: The World Trade Organization Example 2: Morality Example 3: Interjurisdictional Disputes Consumption Consumption as the Object of Governance Collective Consumption Consuming Public Services Contract Enforcement Main Uses and Theoretical Relevance Differences and Changes in the Usage of the Term Contracting Out Convergence And Divergence Cooperation Cooptation Coordinated Market Economy Coordination Three Modes of Coordination Collaboration in Regional Partnerships Cooperation Among Nonstate Actors Conclusion Core Executive Corporate Codes Of Conduct A Wider Corporate Agenda CCC in Question Corporate Governance Shareholder Governance Stakeholder Governance Public Services Criticisms of Stakeholding Corporatism Forms of Corporatism Neocorporatism Structural and Functional Aspects of Neocorporatism The Empirical and Theoretical Limits of Neocorporatism Corruption Types of Corruption The Globalization of Corruption The Costs of Corruption Global Anticorruption Policies Corruption Perceptions Index Cosmopolitanism The Dominant Schools of Thought How Cosmopolitanism Differs Beyond Liberalism Cost-Benefit Analysis Council For Mutual Economic Assistance Councils Of Governments Crisis Management Crisis and the Modern Society Challenges of Crisis Management Critical Policy Analysis Critical Theory Jьrgen Habermas Contemporary Critical Theory Culture Governance Customs Union Cyberspace D Data Protection Decentered Theory Decentralization Periodization Tendencies Toward Decentralization The Codification of Regional and Local Democracy Decision Making Rational Decision Making Satisficing and Bounded Rationality Intra-Organizational Political Decision Making Incremental Decision Making and Routines Appropriate Decision Making Temporal Decision Making Evaluating Decision-Making Models Deinstitutionalization Deliberative Democracy Early Influences Features of Deliberation Challenges to Deliberative Democratic Theory Democratic Deficit Democratic Theory Classical Democracy: Greece Representative Democracy Technocratic Democracy Neoliberalism Democratic Theory and Governance Democratization Democratization as the End of History Democratization and Capitalism Democratization and State Building Democratization and Liberalism Department Dependency Dependency, Interdependence, and Dependence Dependency Theory and Underdevelopment Dependency and International Structures of Power Deregulation Derivative Deterrence Development Assistance Committee Development Theory Theories of Modernization and Growth Dependency and World Systems Theories The Neoclassical Counterrevolution Critical Perspectives Devolution Devolved Systems Devolved Governance Dialogic Public Policy Differentiated Polity Beyond the Unitary State Related Concepts The Ambiguity of Differentiation Dilemma Dirigisme Discourse Disintermediation Divergence Domestic Level Theories The Differentiated Polity Multilevel Governance The Multilevel Polity Due Process E East Asian Economic Grouping Significance of the EAEG Economic Community Of West African States Economic Governance Economic Integration Forms of Economic Integration Why Form an Economic Region? The Political Factor Economic Openness Summary Economic Sociology Economic Sociology: A Brief History Contemporary Economic Sociology Ecosystemic Approach E-democracy Theoretical Origins Community Networks From Community to Politics Effectiveness Goals and Results Outputs Versus Outcomes Measuring Effectiveness Output Effectiveness and Process Effectiveness Efficiency Relation to Governance E-government Elections The Institutional Setting: The Scope and Procedures of Electoral Democracy Elections and the Democratic Process Electronic Records Elitism Embeddedness Origins Theoretical Contribution and Outlook Emergency Powers Empowerment Endangered Species Protection Environmental Governance What Is Governance in This Context? Shifting Patterns of Governance in a Context of Globalization Conclusion Epistemic Community Equilibrium Theory Equity Definition and Etymology Equity in English Law Modern Forgetting or Transformation of Equity? Ethical Consumerism Ethnic Groups Ethnic Inclusion Ethnonationalism European Coal And Steel Community European Free Trade Association European Governance The Governance Approach in EU Studies Multilevel Governance and Europeanization New Modes of Governance The Democratic Governance of the EU European Economic Governance European Governance Beyond the EU European Union Evaluation Research Definitions and Delimitations Types of Evaluation Activities Statistical Significance in Evaluation Research Everyday Maker Evidence-based Policy Origins Conceptualization Exchange-rate Regime Executive The Fragmentation of Central Administrations Interest Intermediation Decentralization The Emergence of Supranational Political Systems The Advent of the World Trade Organization Export Processing Zones Externalities Externalization F Failed State Federalism Feminist Theory Feminist International Relations Feminist Theories of the State Feminist Critiques of Public Policy Toward a Feminist Theory of Governance Financial Market Fiscal Crisis Fiscal Federalism Fordism And Post-fordism Forecasting Concept Identification and a Brief Review of Practices Toward Coproduced Forecasting? Foreign Direct Investment Foreign Exchange Market Formal Organization Frame Analysis Freedom Of Information Free Riding Free Trade Area Free Trade Area Of The Americas Free Trade Zones Functionalism Rationale Critique Future? Futures Market G G8 Game Theory Global Critique The Promise of Integrative Negotiation and Mixed Motives Garbage Can Theory Gender Equality The Roots of Gender Inequality Gender in Context Policy Approaches Problems of Terminology Generalized Exchange Global City Global Civil Society Two Views of Global Civil Society Globalization and Interdependence Global Compact Global Governance International Governance— Institutions and Regimes Enhancing Global Governance Transformation, Globalization, and Global Governance Refashioning Global Governance Conclusion Globalization Economic Globalization Criticisms of the (Economic) Globalization Hypothesis Beyond Economism Global Justice Global Market Global Warming Global Warming and the Science-Policy Interface Global Warming and Global Governance Global Warming and Global Action Glocalization Glocalization in a Two-Level System Glocalization in a Three-Level System Good Governance Governability What Solution for What Governability Crisis? Related Concepts Governance A Conceptual History of Governance The New Governance Governance Beyond the State Theories of Governance Public Policy Democratic Governance Conclusion Governance Failure Governance Indicators Supply of Indicators Demand for Indicators Problems and Efforts to Overcome Them Government Government as an Institution Government as the Act of Governing Government and Governance Governmentality Power Relations Governing as Art A Governmentality Lens Government By Proxy Government Department Government Performance And Results Act Gramscian Theory The Social Relations of Production and World Order Forms of State and Governance in Times of Globalization Group Of 7 Group Of 77 Groupthink Guest Workers H Health Care Variation in the Organization of the Health Care Sector Hedging Hegemony Hemispheric Integration Heterarchy Hierarchy Conceptions of Hierarchy The Prevalence of Hierarchical Organizations Hierarchical Organizations in a Dynamic and Globalizing World High-reliability Organization The High-Reliability Perspective A Conflicting Perspective The High-Reliability Challenge Hindu Governance Historical Institutionalism Hiv/aids Social and Economic Repercussions Governance Challenges The State Civil Society The International Community Hollow State Human Capital Human-Resource Capitalism Managing Human Capital Human Capital and Performance Human Capital Mobility Humanitarian Intervention A Brave New World? Sources of Contention Human Rights Natural Rights The Legacy of Natural Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Contemporary Human Rights Theorists Criticisms Conclusion Human Security The Origin and Evolution of a Holistic Paradigm The Contested Nature of Human Security Human Security and Global Governance Hybridity Hybrid Organization I Immigration Import Substitution Industrialization Impossible Job Impossibility Theorem Incentive Systems Incrementalism Indigenous Governance Individualism Industrialization Informal Organization Information Access Laws Informationalism Institution Institutionalism Nineteenth-Century European Institutionalism Early Twentieth-Century American Institutionalism Mid-Twentieth-Century American Institutionalism Institutions Neglected Institutionalism Revisited Conclusion Institutionalization Institutionalized Environment Institutional Performance Indicators Sources Implications Interdependence Backgrounds of Interdependency: The Network Society Dependency as Source for Interactions Analyzing Interdependence Managing Interdependencies Interest Group The Interest of a Group The Group as Organized Entity To Influence Public Policy? Action Repertoires Interest Intermediation Interest Groups and the State Interest Groups and the Governance of Public Policies Intergovernmental Relations The U.S. Origins of Intergovernmental Relations Intergovernmental Relations Research Outside the United States Current Trends in Territorial Governance Internal Market International Courts History of Universal International Courts Regional International Courts Ad Hoc Tribunals and the International Criminal Court International Division Of Labor International Labour Organization International Law And Treaties International Monetary Fund International Organization Methods Future International Regime Regime Activity Regime Change Regimes: A Critique Internet Governance Interorganizational Coordination Instruments of Interorganizational Coordination A Checklist Interpretive Policy Analysis History of Ideas Interpretive Analysis Procedures Interpretive Theory Interpreting Intersubjectivity Explaining Governance Interregional Relations A New Level of Governance? Significance for the Study of Governance Investment Investment Incentive Iron Law Of Oligarchy Irrational Exuberance Islamic Governance Foundations: Governance in the Qur’an, the Hadith, and the Sunna Islamic Governance in History Islamic Governance Today J Joint Venture Judiciary The Worldwide Expansion of Judicial Power Law as an Instrument of Social and Political Regulation Toward fiGovernanc by Judgesfl Vol.2: Keynesianism-WTO K Keynesianism The "Keynesian Revolution" Keynesianism in Practice Knowledge Management Knowledge for Policy Processes Knowledge for Public Organizations Kyoto Protocol L Leadership Legislature Governance Versus Parliamentary Representation Legislators as Actors of Governance Among Others Legitimacy Classic Definitions and Discussions Empirical Approaches to Measuring Democratic Legitimacy Current Challenges for Democratic Legitimacy Legitimacy Crisis Liberal Internationalism Origins and Evolution Engines of Progress: Commerce and Law Modern Manifestations Liberalism Liberalization Liberal Market Economy Line-staff Organization Local Governance Causes for the Shift Toward Local Governance Local Government and Governance Features of Local Governance Dealing With Local Governance Localization Local Knowledge Local Knowledge and Phenomenological Situatedness Local Knowledge in Policy Analysis Local Reasoning Logic Of Appropriateness M Majority Cycle Market Theoretical Approaches to Markets and Governance Market Failure The Theory Historical Remedies for Market Failure Contemporary Reforms and Market Failure Marketization Marxism Concepts and Theories Class and State Marxist Scholarship in the Social Sciences Marxism and Global Governance Matrix Organization Measurement Of Governance Types of Governance and Measurement Dimensions of Governance and Measurement Normative Criteria Media Freedom Mercantilism The Origins of Mercantilism The Liberal and Economic Nationalist Responses Neomercantilism Mercosur Mesoregionalism Metropolitan Governance Micropolitics Middle Power Migration Military Necessity Military Occupation International Law A Place on the Just War Continuum Statecraft Public Policy Process Social Transformation Legacy Millennium Development Goals Ministry Minorities Monetarism Monetarism in Theory Monetarism in Practice Monetary Policy Monetary Union Monopoly Most-favored Nation Principle Multiculturalism Multiculturalism as a Challenge to Traditional Liberalism Examples of the Impact of Multiculturalism Challenges to Multiculturalism Relation to Governance Multilateralism Indivisibility Diffuse Reciprocity Dispute Settlement Institutionalization Multilevel Governance EU Structural Policy and Multilevel Governance Two Types of Multilevel Governance Different Uses of Multilevel Governance Taking Stock N Narrative Theory Theoretical Roots Unknown Narrative as Semiology Nation Nationalism Natural Resource Management Origins Encountering the Earth’s Limits Some Conceptual Approaches to Natural Resource Management Negotiation Optimally Distributive and Integrative Proven Research and Theories Neighborhood Association Neocolonialism Neoliberalism Neo-marxism Orthodox Marxism Austro-Marxism Marxist Humanism Structural Marxism Neotraditionalism Network Types of Networks Comparative Network Theory Subnets and Supranets Characteristics for Comparing Networks Network Society New Institutionalism Old Institutionalism New Institutional Economics New Sociological Institutionalism Historical Institutionalism Evaluating New Institutionalism New Poverty Research New Public Management New Public Management as an International Reform Movement Theoretical and Conceptual Background The New Public Management in Action Explaining the Emergence and Proliferation of New Public Management New Public Management and Its Critics Public Service Ethics Accountability New Public Management and Citizenship New Regionalism Aspects of New Regionalism Nongovernmental Organization Nonprofit Organization Nonprofit Organizational Structure Recent Growth of the Nonprofit Sector Normal Accident Theory Norms Regulatory or Behavioral Norms Regulatory Norms and Governance Constitutive Norms Constitutive Norms and Governance Explaining the Contribution of Norms to Governance North American Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Treaty Organization North-south Regionalism O Occupation Offshoring Oil Crisis Oligopoly Ombudsman Open And Closed Regionalism Closed Regionalism Open Regionalism Trade Creation and Trade Diversion Regionalism and Multilateralism Open Government Optimal Decision Making Optimum Currency Areas Organisation For Economic Co-operation And Development Organizational Culture Culture as Organizational Personality Constructing Organizational Culture Manifestations of Organizational Culture Organizational Culture and Change Organizational Field Organizational Learning Organizational Structure Types of Organizational Structure Elements of Organizational Structure Organizational Structure and Rational Decision Making Organizational Structure, Uncertainty, and the Environment Organization For Security And Cooperation In Europe Organization Of African Unity, The Organization Of The Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization Theory Development and Scope Key Questions, Units of Analysis, and Debates Major Theoretical Approaches Organization Theory and Governance Outsourcing Overload Oversight P Pacific Islands Forum Pareto Optimality Participation Liberal and Participatory Traditions Participatory Mechanisms Requirements for Participation Participatory Democracy Historical Background Participatory Democracy: Practices Experiences and Evaluations Future Developments Path Dependence Patrimonialism Peace Process Performance Measurement Why Measure Performance? Types of Performance Measures Critical Issues in Performance Measurement Physical Capital Planning Decision-Making Strategies Political Responsibility for Planning Planning Implementation Subject Matter of Planning Conclusion Pluralism Political Pluralism Value Pluralism Cultural Pluralism Postmodernism and Pluralism Criticisms of Pluralism Pluralist Democracy Policy Analysis Policy Cycle Features of Policy Cycles Related Concepts The Paradox of Policy Cycles Policy Development Policy Development in Context Related Concepts The Ambiguity of Policy Development Policy Implementation Policy Learning Policy Learning in Context Related Concepts The Ambiguity of Policy Learning Policy Network Governance as Networks Network Theory Networks as Reform Policy Predictability Policy Style National Policy Styles Conclusion Policy Transfer A Framework for Analyzing a Variety of Processes The Agents: Policy Transfer and Organizational Analysis Political Business Cycle Explaining the Political Business Cycle Political Business Cycle, Institutional Design, and Depoliticization of Monetary Policy Political Communication Political Economy The Impact of Globalization Conclusion Political Exchange From Tradition to Modernity Political Exchange in Arenas of Partisan and Interest Representation Political Exchange in Network Governance Limitations and Problems of Political Exchange Political Party Politics-administration Dichotomy Polyarchy Pooled Sovereignty Positive Political Theory Post-9/11 Postcolonialism From Decolonization to Postcolonialism What Is the Subject of Postcolonialism? The Critique of Historicism Postcolonialism and Governance Post-Fordism Postmodernism Post–Washington Consensus Poverty Reduction What Is Poverty? Alternative Strategies for Poverty Reduction Development Policy and Poverty Reduction Power Disembodied Power Power Sharing Pragmatism Three Core Themes of Classical Pragmatism Selznick on Institutions Problem Solving, Knowledge, and Cooperation Conclusion Precautionary Principle Principal-agent Model Prisoner’s Dilemma Private Military Companies Privatization Problem Structure Production Chain Production Network Professionalism Program Evaluation Property Rights Protectionism Neoclassical Economic Theory Economic Nationalism Types of Protectionism and WTO Regulation Public Administration Governance as a Narrative for Public Administration Governance as an Agenda for Public Administration Conclusion Public Choice Theory Public Goods Public Information Legislative Response Public Information and Decision Making Public Investment Public-Private Partnerships Investment for Development Public Opinion Public-private Partnership Definitions Emergence of PPPs PPPs and Governance Public Sector Public Sphere Punctuated Equilibrium Purchaser-Provider Split Q Quango Quasi-market R Rational Choice Institutionalism Rational Choice Theory Elements and Structure of Rational Choice Theory: Expectations and Game Theory Applications of Rational Choice Theory to Problems of Governance Conclusion Rationality Rational Decision Theory in the Social Sciences Refinements and Challenges Alternatives Rationalization Realism And Neorealism Classical Realism Neorealism Neorealism(s) and Beyond Reciprocity Diffuse and Specific Reciprocity Relationship to Trade Liberalization Operation in the GATT and the WTO Reflexivity Regime Regime Theory Regime Theory and the Study of International Relations Regime Theory and the Study of Local and Urban Politics Regional Authority Regional Development Bank Regional Governance Regionalism Theories of Regionalism Regionalism and Regionalization Examples of Regional Organizations Regulation Regulation as State Activity Regulation as Governance Regulation Theory Regulatory Enforcement Regulatory Negotiations Regulatory State Religion Rent Seeking Representation The Meanings of Representation The History of Political Representation The Concept of Representation Democratic Representation and Its Transformations Representation and Governance Representative Democracy Government Structure Election Foundations Representative Selection System Terms of Office Other Factors Affecting Representation Conclusion Republicanism Research And Development Resource Dependency Theory Responsibility Revealed Preference Risk Risk Society Rule Rule Of Law Institutional Arrangements and Legal Culture Negative and Positive Forms of the Ideal Challenges to the Rule of Law Rules Of Origin S Sanctions Types of Sanctions The Disputed Effectiveness of Sanctions Satisfaction Satisficing Behavior Science Science as the Open Society Science as a Political Concept Science as an Ideological Force Second-track Diplomacy Security Changing Understandings of Security What Next? Security Community Karl W. Deutsch and the Idea of Security Community Security Communities in World Politics Segregation Self-government Self-organizing System Characteristics of Self-Organizing Systems Self-regulation Regulation Problems Beyond State-Centered Government Self-Regulation as Solution The Ambiguity of Self-Regulation Intervention in Self-Regulation Sensemaking Sensemaking in Organizations Service Delivery Policy Instruments of Service Delivery Service Provider Service Quality Situated Agency Social Capital Social Choice Social Constructivism Varieties of Constructivism Constructivist Approaches to Governance Social Democracy Socialism Democracy Social Democracy Social Democratic Corporatism Inequities in Democratic Systems and the Balance of Power Conclusion A Globalization Postscript Social Exclusion Social Inclusion Social Justice Social Learning Social Market Social Movement Theory Origins of Social Movement Theory Resource Mobilization Political Process and Political Opportunities Culture Social Movement Theory and Governance Social Network Theory Network Theory’s Toolkit Networks as Analytical Approach and Substantive Phenomenon Networks and Change Social Practice Bourdieu’s Reflexive Sociology Foucault’s Genealogy Wittgenstein’s Language Games Sociocybernetics The Origins of Sociocybernetics Sociocybernetic Variants Sociocybernetics and Governance Conclusion Sociological Institutionalism Sociology Of Governance Classical Sociology and Modernity Elite and Pluralist Views of Governance Poststructuralist Perspectives The Sociology of the State New Sociological Institutionalism Organizations Economic Sociology and Social Networks The Intersections of Sociology and Governance Conclusion South East Asia Treaty Organization Southern African Development Community Sovereignty Space Special District Single-Function Versus Multifunction Districts Enterprise Versus Nonenterprise Districts Independent Versus Dependent Districts Stakeholder Stakeholder Theory and Analysis Stakeholder Management and Corporate Governance Stakeholding and Societal Governance State State Building State Capture State-society Relations Reconsidering the State-Society Framework State Formation and Failure Conclusion State Structure Steering Who Steers? How to Steer? Toward What Goals Is Society Being Steered? How Accurate Does Steering Need to Be? How Do Steerers React to Their Previous Actions? Conclusion Strategic Planning Strategic Thinking and Strategic Planning Why Is Strategic Planning Essential? Benefits of Strategic Planning Street-level Bureaucrat Structural Contingency Theory Subsidiarity Subsidiarity: A Time-Honored and Polysemous Principle The Principle of Subsidiarity: A Method of Governance Substate Regionalism Sustainability Sustainable Development Governance Challenges Systems Theory Taoist Governance T Technical-rational Expertise Technology Selected Technological Advances Recent Technological Advances Technology Transfer Applications for Research Technology Use in New Environments Territoriality Terrorism A Contested Concept Types of Terrorism The Threat of Terrorism The Causes of Terrorism Responding to Terrorism Third Sector Third Way Third-World Debt Historical Origins What Kind of Crisis? Management of the Debt Tobin Tax Top-Down Approach Trade Agreements Trade Union Tradition Tragedy Of The Commons Transaction Cost Transgovernmentalism Translation Transnational Governance Transnationalism Processes of Transnationalism Transnationalism and Nationalism Transnational Communities and Pressure for Change Transnational Social Movement Transnational Urbanism Transparency Triadization Tribal Governance Trust Trust and Governance Trust and Power Relationships The Importance of Trust in Modern Societies Unemployment Concept, Definition, and Measurement Explaining Developments in Unemployment U United Nations Principal Organs Effectiveness Future United Nations Conference On Trade And Development UNCTAD’s Organizational Structure and Role Contemporary Challenges Facing UNCTAD UNCTAD’s Critics United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization UNESCO Traces Its Origins to the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education United Nations Security Council Urban And Regional Planning Urban Governance Varieties Of Capitalism V Virtual Agency Virtual Community W War On Terrorism Washington Consensus Weak Institution Welfare Reform Third Way Welfare State Workfare World Bank Changes in Development Policy Recent Reforms World Development Indicators World Economic Forum World Health Organization Organizational Structure Activities and Programs World Trade Organization