Circuits and Systems for Biomedical Applications

Description

This book is based on the 1st United Kingdom Circuits and Systems (UKCAS 2018) Workshop. It addresses areas such as biosensing, memristors, next-generation medical diagnostics, neural-inspired circuits, neural implants, neuro-prostheses, prosthetic hands and neuro-rehabilitation. It presents these technologies and the challenges these present for biomedical scientists and engineers. Front Cover Title Page - Circuits and Systems for Biomedical Applications Series Page - Tutorials in Circuits and Systems Copyright Page Table of contents Introduction Chapter 1 - Integrated Circuits for Addressable Biosensing 1. MST@GU 2. Overview 3. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) 4. CMOS Photodiode (PD) 5. Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) 6. Ion-sensing on CMOS 7. CMOS ISFET Array Design 8. Sensor-System-on-Chip MANY SIMILAR MEASUREMENTS 9. Imaging 10. Sequencing 11. Sequencing on CMOS 12. Sequencing on Chip 13. 14. The Personal Genome Machine DO THAT AGAIN FOR THE METABOLOME? 15. 16. The metabolome vs the genome 17. Examples of Metabolites 18. Direct measurement of metabolites 19. Diagnostic Panels 20. The Personal Metabolome Machine ENZYMES: AN ACCESS POINT FOR THE METABOLOME Classic example is the blood glucose monitor used by diabetics 21. Enzymes 22. Example: The Glycolysis Cycle 23. Cell-based assay – metabolomic inhibition 24. ISFET based assays 25. Results from hexokinase assay on ISFET 26. Colorimetric Cholesterol Assay 27. Simplifying the optics 28. Colorimetric Sensing 29. Chemiluminescence Sensing - demonstration 30. Orthogonal sensing 31. Tablet based data acquistion system MINIATURISATION – SPADS IN CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY 32. The Diagnostic Pill 33. Intestinal Imaging – upper GI tract 34. 32x32 SPAD imager capsule 35. Imaging with 55 μW illumination 36. Conclusion 37. Microsystem Technology Group Chapter 2 - Construction of an Endoscopic Capsule for the Diagnostics of Dysmotilities in the Gastro-intestinal Track 1. Outline 2. Introduction 3. Optical Capsule Endoscopy 4. Motivation: Clinical Targets 5. Clinical motivation 6. Methodology 7. Capsule manometry 8. PressureCap 9. Sensor operation and modelling 10. Pressure sensing technology 11. Wireless flexible sensor arrays 12. Wireless pressure sensor response (I) 13. Wireless pressure sensor response (II) 14. Performance characterisation 15. Reader system operation 16. System miniaturisation 17. PressureCapassembly 18. Experimental setup (I) 19. Experimental setup (II) 20. Experimental setup (III) 21. The artificial gut 22. PressureCap in vitro 23. Peristalsis – Actuator measurements of phantom 24. Porcine trial (I) 25. Porcine trial (II) 26. PressureCap in vivo trial 27. Conclusions 28. Outlook 29. Acknowledgements Chapter 3 - Harnessing the Power of the Brain with Memory-resitors 1. Outline MODERN ELECTRONICS CHALLENGES 2. The end of Moore’s law? 3. 4. Human brain vs supercomputer:which one is better? THE TECHNOLOGY 5. Memristor (Memory-resistor) 6. Memristors’ hype cycle 7. Memristors fabrication (I) 8. Memristors fabrication (II) 9. Memristors fabrication (III) 10. Memristors state-of-art (I) 11. Memristors state-of-art (II) 12. Memristors state-of-art (III) TOOLS & INFRASTRUCTURE 13. 14. Array Control Instruments (I) 15. Array Control Instruments (II) APPLICATION DEMONSTRATORS EXAMPLES – BEYOND MEMORY Example #1 16. Emulating synapses with memristors 17. Unsupervised Learning (I) 18. Unsupervised Learning (II) 19. Unsupervised Learning (III) 20. Unsupervised Learning (VI) Example #2 21. The need & the challenge 22. Memristive Sensors (I) 23. Memristive Sensors (II) 24. Monitoring large populations of neurons 25. Memristive Sensors (I) 26. Memristive Sensors (II) 27. Internet of Neuroelectronics Example #3 28. Analogue – Digital 29. Charge-based computing (I) 30. Charge-based computing (II) 31. Charge-based computing (III) 32. Charge-based computing (IV) WHAT DOES THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE? 33. The value of memristors 34. A pathway to keep your data private! 35. 36. Chapter 4 - Analogue building blocks forneural-inspired circuits 1. Some facts about the brain as a PC... 2. Some other brains 3. Synapses and neurons 4. Motivation 5. Circuit Challenges 6. Dynamic synapse 7. How it works 8. Post-synaptic potentials 9. Fan-in: theory 10. Fan-in 11. Compact decision circuits (STDP) 12. How it works 13. Axonal delay 14. Pulse burst creation 15. Scaling 16. Scaleability: easier to sum currents 17. Scaling: circuit issues 18. Neurons with excitatory and inhibitory synapses 19. Programmable weights (I) 20. Programmable weight (II) 21. Embrace: an alternative approach 22. Evaluation 23. Circuits fabricated in AMS 0.35,mixed signal CMOS 24. Astrocytes 25. Endocannabinoid Mediated Self-Repair 26. Astrocytes mediate self-repair 27. What we learnt.. 28. Still some way to go before…. 29. Thanks to Chapter 5 - Circuits for Bio-Potential Recording from the Brain 1. Bio-potential From the Brain 2. Measurement Technique 3. Common-Mode Signals 4. Passive vs Active Electrodes 5. Active Electrode Design Trade-off 6. Active Electrode Amplifiers 7. Non-invasive Recording 8. Invasive Recording 9. HD Neural Probes 10. Active HD Probes 11. Probe Shape 12. Probe Programming 13. Probe Power Budget 14. Pixel Circuits 15. Power Distribution 16. Probe Wiring Bottleneck 17. Probe Examples 18. Probe Performance 19. Novel Neuroscience 20. Data Compression 21. References 22. Acknowledgement Chapter 6 - Advances in Scalable Implantable Stimulation Systems for Neuroprostheses using Networked ASICs 1. Outline 2. The Nervous System 3. Implantable Technologies for Neuroprosthesis 4. Market 5. The Control Chart 6. Recent Advance 7. Small Implants and Many 8. Multi-Channel Implant Systems 9. USC’s BION System 10. CWRU’s Networked Neuroprosthetic System 11. UC Berkley’s Neural Dust DESIGN CHALLENGE: LEAD COUNT 12. Implantable Electrodes 13. Electrode Driver 14. Addressing Individual Electrodes DESIGN CHALLENGE: LARGE BLOCKING CAPACITORS 15. Blocking Capacitors (Discrete) 16. High-Frequency Current-Switching (HFCS) 17. Fail-Safe Stimulator Output Stage (with Integrated Blocking Capacitor) DESIGN CHALLENGE: HERMETICITY 18. Hermeticity of Implant Package (I) 19. Hermeticity of Implant Package (II) 20. Hermeticity of Implant Package (III) 21. Measurement Methods 22. Helium Leak Test 23. Limitation of Gas Leak Test 24. Different Integrated Humidity Sensors 25. Typical Types of Readout Circuitsfor Capacitive RH Sensors DESIGN CHALLENGE: LOW-POWER OPERATION 26. Power Consumption 27. Adaptive Power Supply (I) 28. Adaptive Power Supply (II) 29. Adaptive Power Supply (III) 30. Adaptive Power Supply (IV) DESIGN CHALLENGE: HEAT DISSIPATION 31. Over-Temperature in Tissue DESIGN EXAMPLE: ACTIVE BOOK SYSTEM 32. Passive Book 33. Active Book 34. Active Book Implant System 35. The Stimulator ASIC (with On-Chip Sensors) 36. Stimulation (I) 37. Stimulation (II) 38. Stimulation (II) 39. Stimulation (III) 40. Humidity Sensing 41. Comparison of Scalable Stimulation System using Networked ASICs (I) 42. Comparison of Scalable Stimulation System using Networked ASICs (II) Conclusion Chapter 7 - CAS for Control of Prosthetic Hands 1. Upper-limb loss statistics 2. Cosmetic Hands and digits 3. History (I) 4. History (II) 5. Early Bionic Hands (I) 6. Early Bionic Hands (I 7. Control of Prosthetic Hands 8. Commercial prosthetic hands are dexterous 9. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (I) 10. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (II) 11. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (III) 12. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (IV) 13. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (V) 14. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (VI) 15. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (VII) 16. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (VIII) 17. Where are we? 18. Challenges 19. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (I) 20. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (II) 21. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (III) 22. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (IV) 23. Circuit and Systems in Prosthetics (V) 24. Challenges 25. Future Trends 26. Prosthetic Control –Current trends 27. Abstract decoding 28. Challenges Chapter 8 - Genetically Enhanced Brain-implants for Neuro-rehabilitation 1. The science fiction... 2. Real Neuroprosthetics:Parkinson’s disease exemplar 3. Neuroprosthetic applications 4. Current protocol: Shouting not listening! 5. Noise cancellation” of seizures 6. The optogenetic revolution 7. The optogenetic mechanism 8. Controlling Abnormal Network Dynamics with Optogenetics 9. Noise cancellation of epileptic seizures –but adaptable to vision 10. Closed loop control of epileptic seizures 11. Noise cancellation” of seizures (I) 12. Noise cancellation” of seizures (II) WHAT ARE THE CIRCUIT/SYSTEM CHALLENGES FOR THE CAS COMMUNITY? 13. Light transmission through tissue 14. LED Efficiency 15. Regulatory rule: Surface ΔT