More Equal than Others?: Perspectives on the Principle of Equality from International and EU Law

Description

This book analyses the principle of equality from three perspectives: public international law, private international law and EU law. It is the first book in English providing a comprehensive overview of this principle in these areas of law and showing the current trends and issues concerning its application. Its main goal is to understand whether and to what extent the principle of equality has been affirmed in public and private international law, as well as EU law, and what – if any – the common core of this principle is. The analysis carried out in this contributed volume starts from general analyses of the principle of equality in the areas of the law covered by the book and then discusses the principle in more specific areas, such as human rights law, international adjudication (including investment law) and the law of international organizations. The book is intended to become a benchmark for academics dealing with matters of equality in public international law, private international law and EU law. It will be a useful tool for practitioners too, the collected chapters being based on the relevant case law dealing with the principle of equality. Daniele Amoroso is Professor of International Law in the Department of Law of the University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. Loris Marotti is Assistant Professor of International Law in the Department of Law at the Federico II University of Naples, Italy. Pierfrancesco Rossi is Postdoctoral Fellow in International Law in the Department of Law of Luiss University, Rome, Italy. Andrea Spagnolo is Professor of International Law in the Department of Law of the University of Turin, Turin, Italy. Giovanni Zarra is Professor of International Law and International Litigation in the Department of Law at the Federico II University of Naples, Italy. Foreword Preface Contents Part I General/Theoretical Aspects 1 Variations on the Principle of Equality in International and EU Law 1.1 Sovereign Equality as a Structural Principle of the Old International Order 1.2 From Formal Equality to an Attempt to Introduce “Compensating Inequalities” 1.3 Some Examples of Rebalancing: Tailored Obligations, Rights and Responsibilities 1.4 Missed Opportunities? Regression of Egalitarian Claims in the Global Era 1.5 EU Anti-discrimination Law: Equality as Non-Discrimination … 1.6 … and as Equal Treatment 1.7 The ‘Indifference towards Difference’ in the European Neo-Liberalism of the 21st Century 1.8 Managing Equality and Diversity—The ‘Weaker’ Party in EU Private International Law References 2 Sovereign Inequality and Struggles for Equality 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Origins, Rationale and Theories 2.3 Sovereignty 2.4 Different Meanings of Sovereign Equality 2.4.1 Equality of Statehood or Personality 2.4.2 Equality of Representation 2.4.3 Equality of Rights or Obligations 2.4.4 Equality of Legal Protection 2.4.5 Equality of Contribution to the Formation of International Law 2.4.6 Equality Inherent in the World System 2.4.7 Equality of Non-interference 2.4.8 Equality of Strength 2.5 The Dynamics of Sovereign Equality 2.6 Conclusion References 3 Equality of States and Mutual Membership in European Union Law: Contemporary Reflections 3.1 Introduction 3.2 On “Red Lines”, Equality, and Member States’ Prerogatives 3.3 Judicial Unilateralism, Equality, and Authority of EU Law 3.4 Concluding Remarks References Part II Equality of States and International Organizations in International and EU Law 4 Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) and Inequality in International Criminal Justice: A Critical Assessment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Third World Approaches to International Law 4.2.1 TWAIL I 4.2.2 TWAIL II 4.3 TWAIL and International Criminal Justice 4.4 TWAIL and the Anti-imperialist Criticism of the International Criminal Court 4.5 New Perspectives: The Situations in Afghanistan and Palestine 4.6 An Assessment of TWAIL’s Views on the ICC and the Court’s Independent Experts Review 4.7 Conclusion References 5 The Recognition of the Formal Equality of International Organizations by Means of an International Rule of Incorporation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 International Organizations are Created as Unequal Subjects: The Principle of Speciality 5.3 How the Absence of Formal Equality of International Organizations Affects the Substantive Inequality of Other Subjects 5.3.1 How the Absence of Formal Equality of International Organizations Affects the Substantive Inequality of States 5.3.2 How the Absence of Formal Equality of International Organizations Affects the Substantive Inequality of Individuals 5.4 The Development of an International Rule of Incorporation and the Recognition of Formal Equality 5.5 Conclusion References 6 The “Institutionalized Inequality” of the ESM Voting System: Doubts and Perspectives After the Reform 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The ESM Governance Structure 6.3 The ESM Voting System or the Ultimate Expression of “Institutionalized Inequality” 6.4 What Future for ESM? 6.5 A Possible Reference Model for a New Voting System 6.6 Conclusions References Part III Inter-Individual Equality: Human Rights and Conflict of Laws Issues 7 The Status of Workers in EU Free Movement Law: A Difficult Balance Between Equality and Economic Integration 7.1 Introduction: The Unequal Character of Union Citizenship 7.2 The Definition of Worker as a Source of Discrimination 7.3 Open-textured Concepts and Differential Application by National Authorities 7.4 The Exclusion of Unpaid Care Work 7.5 The Uncertain Status of Activities with Prevailing Non-economic Interests 7.6 The Dual Nature of the Free Movement of Workers 7.7 Conclusions References 8 Equality and Heteronormativity: Heterosexual Majority and Homosexual Minority in the European Convention on Human Rights 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Heteronormative Character of the ECHR 8.3 The Application of the Principle of Non-discrimination in the ECHR 8.4 The Application of the Discrimination Test to Additional Rights 8.5 The Application of the Discrimination Test to Core Rights 8.6 Conclusions References 9 Equality, Conflict of Laws and Human Rights 9.1 Preliminary Remarks 9.2 The Principle of Equality and Connecting Factors 9.3 The Choice of the Connecting Factor and the Principle of Equality—Citizenship and Protection for the Fundamental Rights of the Individual 9.4 Residence, Domicile, Registered Office and the Principle of Equality 9.5 Electio Iuris and the Principle of Equality 9.6 The Applicability of the Principle of Equality Under the Public Policy Exception 9.7 Discrimination Resulting from the Operation of Public Policy; Counterlimits 9.8 Potential Discrimination Resulting from the Operation of Overriding Mandatory Provisions 9.9 Concluding Remarks References 10 Equality in the Application of “Imperative Norms”: A “More Equal than Others” Principle in EU Conflict of Laws in Contractual Matters? 10.1 “More Equal than Others”?—Setting the Frame from a Conflict of Laws Perspective Under the Prism of “Imperative Norms” 10.1.1 Equality in the Application of “Imperative Norms” of the Forum: Theory… 10.1.2 Provisions of the Law Which Cannot be Derogated from by Agreement 10.2 … and Practice 10.3 Imperative Provisions and ‘Quasi-Sister States’ in the Context of EU Integration References Part IV Procedural Aspects of Equality 11 Equality Before Courts and Tribunals—The Case for a Comparative Approach 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Comparative Approaches to Procedural Law and the Principle of Party Equality 11.3 The Principle of Equality and Access to Justice: Party Equality and Beyond References 12 Equality in the Access to the ECtHR—Filling Procedural Gaps Concerning Locus Standi and Representation of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Substantive Equality, Vulnerability and Procedural Issues 12.2.1 Equality in the Access to Justice in Human Rights Law 12.2.2 Fair Process, Equality and Procedural Accommodations in the ECtHR’s Case-Law 12.3 The Procedural Lacuna in the ECHR System: Locus Standi and Representation of Extremely Vulnerable Individuals 12.3.1 The Development of the Case-Law on De Facto Representation 12.3.2 Domestic Locus Standi as a Discriminatory Requirement 12.3.3 Overcoming Domestic Locus Standi and the Need to Distinguish Standing for Applying from Representation 12.4 Filling the Procedural Gap 12.4.1 Interpreting Procedural Rules in the Light of the Principle of Substantial Equality 12.4.2 Inherent Powers and Procedural Cross-Fertilization 12.5 Conclusions References 13 Residual Jurisdiction in Civil and Commercial Matters Through the Lens of Non-discrimination and Reciprocity 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Influence of the Right to a Fair Trial on Private International Law Rules on Jurisdiction: The Issue of Exorbitant Fora 13.3 Scope of Application of EU Jurisdictional Rules in Civil and Commercial Matters 13.3.1 Potentially Discriminatory Effects of the Residual Application of National Rules on Jurisdiction 13.3.2 The Extension of the Rules on Jurisdiction to Non-EU-Domiciled Defendants in the Brussels I Regulation Recast: Some Remarks 13.4 Reconsidering the Unilateral Extension of EU Private International Law Rules on Jurisdiction Over Ten Years After the Brussels I Regulation Recast Proposal 13.4.1 The Italian Statute on Private International Law as an Example of the Unilateral Extension of EU Jurisdictional Rules in Civil and Commercial Matters 13.4.2 The Italian Solution and The Dichotomy Between the Brussels Convention and The Brussels Regulations in Civil and Commercial Matters: Critical Issues 13.5 Multilateralism as a Tool to Pursue Policy Goals Through Reciprocity 13.5.1 Efforts to Ensure a Worldwide Harmonisation within the Hague Conference on Private International Law 13.5.2 The 2019 Hague Judgments Convention 13.6 Conclusions References 14 Equality and Asymmetry in Treaty-Based Investment Arbitration: Counterclaims by Host States 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Counterclaims in International Procedural Law 14.3 Counterclaims Under the ICSID Convention and IIAs 14.4 The Approach of Arbitral Tribunals to Host States’ Counterclaims 14.4.1 Consent 14.4.2 Direct Connection 14.4.3 Applicable Law and Merits Issues: The Investor’s Respect of Human Rights 14.5 Concluding Remarks References Part V Epilogue 15 Animal Farm, International Law: A Fictional Epilogue 15.1 Keyhole 15.2 Cosplay 15.3 The Sighting 15.4 The Inquiry 15.5 Squiggly Lines 15.6 The Report 15.7 Porcine Positivism 15.8 The Advisory Opinion 15.9 The Plea 15.10 About This Text Further Reading 16 General Conclusions: (In)Equalities and International Law: Between Old and New Forms 16.1 Introductory Remarks 16.2 Inequality as a Disvalue 16.3 Institutionalized Inequality 16.4 Constitutive Inequality 16.5 Final Remarks References