Dengue Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak

Description

Dengue Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak provides a detailed accounting of one of the world's fastest growing infections. According to the World Health Organization, Dengue virus incidence has increased 30-fold over the past 50 years, with up to 50 to 100 million infections occurring annually in over 100 endemic countries. This estimate puts nearly half the world’s population at risk. This book reviews the history, clinical and diagnostic aspects of dengue virus, also presenting our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of severe dengue and addressing the importance of dengue virus infections in those traveling to parts of the world where it is endemic. Covers every important aspect of Dengue virus disease, from biological, to its social and economic impactsHighlights the unique aspects of Dengue virus infection and the evolving nature of our understanding of the virusProvides a complete description of Dengue virus disease, with details on more recent outbreaks, clinical features, first hand experiences, treatment modalities, and recent novel treatment regimens Gives insights into the detailed psychological impact the disease has caused in outbreak regions Cover Dengue Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak Copyright Contributors 1. Dengue virus infection Introduction References 2. Dengue virus disease; the origins Shifting patterns of dengue fever Factors responsible for increased incidence References Further reading 3. Dengue virus infection outbreak: comparison with other viral infection outbreak Epidemic versus pandemic Common features of epidemics Saw tooth pattern Tooth necklace pattern Tooth eruption pattern Why epidemics die their deaths? Review of the factors modulating Dengue virus infection transmission Relations among rainfall, vector density, and Dengue virus infection incidence Temperature Minimum threshold of vector density for Dengue virus infection transmission Vector movement Flight range Transport of vectors Mosquito-related factors Human factors Herd immunity Breast milk as a possible route of Dengue virus infection vertical transmission Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses: emerging arboviruses in the new world Zika virus Chikungunya virus Dengue and other emerging flaviviruses Yellow fever virus Japanese encephalitis West Nile encephalitis Other mosquito-borne flaviviruses Tick-borne flaviviruses Ocular manifestations of emerging flaviviruses and the blood-retinal barrier Seroepidemiology of Dengue, Zika, and Yellow Fever viruses among children in the democratic republic of the Congo Viremia and clinical presentation in Nicaraguan patients infected with Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, and Dengue virus Concurrent outbreaks of Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus infections—an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viru ... Dengue and Chikungunya viruses infections: long-distance spread and outbreaks in naïve areas Identifying and diagnosing the patient with unclear diagnosis Personal protection in endemic areas Discovery of fifth serotype of Dengue virus (DENV-5): a new public health dilemma in Dengue virus infection control Mosquito-borne diseases and cancer: what do we really know? Dengue virus infection in the United States Dengue hemorrhagic fever — U.S.-Mexico border, 2005 Texas lifestyle limits transmission of Dengue virus Dengue surveillance in United States References 4. Global health-care perspective of Dengue viral disease Introduction Global epidemiology and impact Global economic impact Initial global response Global innovations/interventions Global research and vaccine development Conclusion References 5. Mosquito-borne diseases The dangerous insects Life-cycle of mosquitoes The sniffy navigation Common genus of mosquitoes Aedes Anopheles Culex Culiseta Mansonia Psorophora Toxorhynchites Wyeomyia Techniques for eradication Remove mosquito habitats Control mosquitoes at the larval stage Control adult mosquitoes Use of structural barriers Mosquitoes in America West Nile virus Chikungunya virus Eastern equine encephalitis virus Japanese encephalitis virus Murray valley encephalitis virus La Crosse encephalitis virus Malaria Uncomplicated malaria Severe malaria St. Louis encephalitis virus Yellow fever virus Rift valley fever virus Kunjin virus Ross river virus Barmah forest virus Jamestown canyon virus Eastern equine encephalitis virus Zika virus disease References 6. Viral genetics and structure Genomic organization of the Dengue virus: an introduction Life cycle of Dengue virus: A brief overview The role of structural proteins Dengue viral capsid protein (C) Capsid structure Chaperoning role of the capsid Maturation of the capsid protein Capsid binding to RNA: nucleocapsid formation Mutations or deletions in the capsid Capsid localization Lipid droplets Capsid localization in the nucleus Premembrane/membrane protein (prM/M) and envelope protein (E) The precursor membrane-envelope protein complex “SPIKY” immature virus “SMOOTH” immature virus Role of nonstructural proteins in viral replication and immune evasion Cis-acting RNA structures that influence viral replication 5′ UTR and 5′ coding regions 3′ UTR region Cyclization of the viral genome Host specification by RNA duplication regions in the 3′UTR Subgenomic flavivirus RNAs (sfRNAs) ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR): implications in viral pathogenesis Pathways utilized by the unfolded protein response Inositol requiring kinase 1 (IRE1) pathway Protein kinase R-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway Activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6) pathway Manipulation of the unfolded protein response by the Dengue virus Viral replication enhancement Autophagy modulation Inflammation induced by Dengue virus Conclusion References 7. Clinical manifestations and laboratory diagnosis Clinical features of dengue viral illness Classification Signs and symptoms Febrile phase Critical phase Recovery phase Complications Diagnosis Viral isolation Nucleic acid detection Antigen detection Immunoglobulin M antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) Immunoglobulin G of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Immunoglobulin G ELISA) Immunoglobulin M/Immunoglobulin G ratio Immunoglobulin A Hemagglutination–inhibition test Other laboratory diagnostic modalities Future diagnostics methods under development Microsphere-based immunoassays (MIA) Biosensor technology Microarray technology Luminescence technology Differential diagnosis Chikungunya virus infection Zika virus Typhoid Rickettsial infection Malaria Hemorrhagic fever Bacterial sepsis References 8. Psychological and social aspects of Dengue virus illness virus infection Social implications of dengue virus illness virus disease Effect on health care infrastructure and management Effect on households Effect on schools Effect on government and role of media Conclusion References 9. Economic and political aspects of Dengue virus disease Disease burden Challenges in measuring the burden of disease Impact on low-income and middle-income tropical countries A comparison with Ebola virus disease A comparison with Zika virus disease Dengue virus infection vaccine, a promising tool References 10. Treatment and therapeutic agents and vaccines Management of Dengue viral illness Overall assessment Laboratory test Group A (outpatient management) Group B (inpatient management) Group C (emergency care) Treatment of compensated shock Treatment of profound hypotensive shock (undetectable blood pressure and pulse) Management of bleeding Vaccines References Author Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P Q S U V W Y Z Subject Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N P R S T U V W Y Z Back Cover