Pediatric Food Preferences and Eating Behaviors

Description

Pediatric Food Preferences and Eating Behaviors reviews scientific works that investigate why children eat the way they do and whether eating behaviors are modifiable. The book begins with an introduction and historical perspective, and then delves into the development of flavor preferences, the role of repeated exposure and other types of learning, the effects of modeling eating behavior, picky eating, food neophobia, and food selectivity. Other sections discuss appetite regulation, the role of reward pathways, genetic contributions to eating behaviors, environmental influences, cognitive aspects, the development of loss of control eating, and food cognitions and nutrition knowledge. Written by leading researchers in the field, each chapter presents basic concepts and definitions, methodological issues pertaining to measurement, and the current state of scientific knowledge as well as directions for future research. Cover PEDIATRIC FOOD PREFERENCES AND EATING BEHAVIORS Copyright Dedication Contributors Prologue 1 Measuring Sweet and Bitter Taste in Children: Individual Variation due to Age and Taste Genetics Introduction Taste Phenotypes: How to Measure Taste in Children Detection Thresholds Taste Intensity Taste Hedonics Summary Ontogeny of Sweet and Bitter Taste Sweet Taste Bitter Taste Summary Genetics of Sweet and Bitter Taste Taste Receptor Genetics and Nomenclature Summary Genotype-Taste Phenotype Relationships in Children TAS2R Genotype-Phenotype Studies TAS1R Genotype-Phenotype Studies Summary Conclusions and Practical Implications References 2 Learning to Like: Roles of Repeated Exposure and Other Types of Learning Introduction Repeated Exposure Effects During Infancy Repeated Exposure Effects During Early Childhood Repeated Exposure Effects During Middle Childhood Conclusions, Recommendations, and Future Directions References 3 Effects of Modeling on Children's Eating Behavior Effects of Modeling on Children's Eating Behavior What Is Modeling and Why Do We Do It? Influence of Modeling on Novel Food Intake and Choice Influence of Modeling on Portion Sizes Eaten Influence of Modeling on Children's Food Liking and Preferences Different Models: Who Is Most Effective? Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Modeling Interventions Based on Modeling Conclusion and Implications References 4 Children's Challenging Eating Behaviors: Picky Eating, Food Neophobia, and Food Selectivity Introduction Picky Eating Measurement and Prevalence Factors Associated With Picky Eating Outcomes Associated With Picky Eating Food Neophobia Measurement and Prevalence Factors Associated With Food Neophobia Outcomes Associated With Neophobia Food Selectivity Measurement of Food Selectivity Factors Associated With Food Selectivity Outcomes Associated With Food Selectivity Conclusions Sources of Support References 5 Satiety Responsiveness and Eating Rate in Childhood: Development, Plasticity, and the Family Footprint Introduction Satiety Responsiveness Measurement Risk and Susceptibility Genetic Influences Parent-Child Feeding Practices Associations With Weight and Dietary Intakes Potential for Modification Eating Rate Measurement Risk and Susceptibility Genetic Influences Parent-Child Feeding Practices Associations to Adiposity and Dietary Intake Potential for Modification Research Opportunities Conclusion References 6 Role of Reward Pathways in Appetitive Drive and Regulation The Role of Reward in Eating Homeostatic and Reward Perspectives on Eating Subcomponents of Reward (Wanting, Liking, Salience) Inhibiting Reward-Driven Eating Next Steps in Investigating Reward-Driven Eating Conclusion References 7 Appetitive Traits: Genetic Contributions to Pediatric Eating Behaviors Introduction Appetitive Traits Defining and Measuring Appetitive Traits Measuring Appetitive Traits for Genetic Research A Dimensional Approach in the General Population Special Consideration for Genetic Research Genetic Studies of Child Eating Behaviors Family Studies Twin Studies Assumptions of Twin Models Limitations of Twin Models Evaluating Twin Models Heritability Estimates for Appetitive Traits in Childhood A Developmental Perspective Interpreting Heritability Estimates for Child Appetitive Traits Future Directions Molecular Genetic Studies Candidate Gene Studies FTO Limitations and Future Directions of Gene Association Studies Conclusions References 8 The Influence of the Food Environment on Food Intake and Weight Regulation in Children Introduction Food Properties and Child Appetite Regulation Energy Density Portion Size Combined Effects of Energy Density and Portion Size Variety Obesogenic Food Environment Home Food Environment Schools Neighborhoods Practical Implications Summary References 9 Parenting Influences on Appetite and Weight Introduction Infancy and Toddlerhood Preschool Age Elementary School Age Adolescence Summary and Conclusions References 10 Executive Function and Self-Regulatory Influences on Children's Eating Introduction Theoretical Frameworks Describing the Self-Regulation of Food Intake Neurocognitive Correlates of Eating Behavior Potential Pathways Linking EF and Eating Behavior Inhibitory Control and Eating Behavior Impulsivity and Eating Behavior Delay of Gratification and Eating Behavior Decision Making and Eating Behavior Cognitive Flexibility, Working Memory, and Eating Behavior Global Measures of EF and Children's Eating Behavior Implications for Prevention and Practice Conclusions References 11 Neurocognitive Influences on Eating Behavior in Children Introduction Studying the Brain Brain Imaging Methodologies Characteristics of Human Eating Behavior Challenges in Pediatric Imaging Brain Differences Between Adults and Children Bidirectional Associations Between Brain Structure and Pediatric Obesity Associations Between Brain Function and Pediatric Eating Behaviors and Body Weight Food Motivation and Drive Self-Control and Decision Making Impact of Environmental Cues on Pediatric Brain Response to Food Conclusions References Further Reading 12 Development of Loss of Control Eating Overview Assessment of LOC Eating Cross-Sectional Correlates of LOC Eating in Youth Genetics Physiological Correlates Psychosocial Correlates Social Correlates Psychological and Behavioral Correlates Cognitive Correlates Outcomes of LOC Eating Physiological Outcomes Psychosocial Outcomes Predictors of LOC Eating in Youth Biological Predictors Social and Psychological Predictors Theories of LOC Eating Development Interventions for LOC Eating Proposed Future Directions Conclusion References 13 Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating Among Children and Adolescents Introduction Defining Intentional Self-regulation of Eating Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating, Dietary Restraint, and Dieting Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating and Dietary and Weight Outcomes Among Children The Development of Intentional Self-Regulation of Eating Factors That Challenge Individuals Ability to Intentionally Self-Regulate Eating Conclusions and Future Research Needs Implications for Practice References 14 Food Cognition and Nutrition Knowledge Early Food Cognition: How Do Infants and Children Categorize Foods? Developing Food Cognition: Categorization and Rejection Sociocognitive Learning About Food: Observing Other People Social Learning: Testimony About Who Likes What Social Learning: Testimony About Health Conclusions and Open Questions References Epilogue What Have We Learned? What Are the Next Steps in the Science? Summary Index A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V W Back Cover