The Cruel Choice: A New Concept in the Theory of Development

Description

Introduction 3 THE REBIRTH OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY 3 THE CONTEXT OF CHANGE 13 I / The Development Experience 1 The Shock of Underdevelopment 23 INERTIA AND COMPLACENCY 25 THE RUDE AWAKENING 28 2 Vulnerability, the K ey to Understanding and Promoting Development 38 THE VULNERABILITY OF THE WEAK 38 THE VULNERABILITY OF THE POWERFUL 51 AN ILLUSTRATIVE CASE: ITAPARICA 57 3 Development Goals: Promise Versus Performance 60 PLANS 61 AID DOCUMENTS 66 UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS 69 W HY THE GAP? 73 A CRITIQUE OF GOALS 83 4 Development as D ialectical Process 96 THE MEANING OF “DIALECTICAL” 98 THE DIALECTICS OF DEVELOPMENT IO I II / Ethical Strategies Jor Development 5 General Requirements h i Contents 6 Three Strategic Principles 12 3 f ir s t p r i n c i p l e : t o “h a v e e n o u g h ” i n o r d e r “ t o BE MORE” 128 SECOND p r i n c i p l e : UNIVERSAL SOLIDARITY 138 THIRD PRINCIPLE: BROAD POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN DECISIONS 144 7 Development Planning as D ialogue C53 THE PLANNER ’S OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS 154 AN ALTERNATIVE: THE CAILLOT FORMULA l 6l DEVELOPMENT POLES 164 THE DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY 167 8 Technical Cooperation in a New K ey 170 THE NATURE OF TECHNICAL TRANSFERS I 7I DEFICIENCIES OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM 174 WORLD DEVELOPERS 178 9 Existence Rationality and the Dynam ics of V alue Change 187 EXISTENCE RATIONALITY l 88 THE R E PR ES E N T A T IV E OF MARGINALS I$ 2 GYPSIES 195 IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH 203 IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNING 206 III / What Kind o f Development? 10 Anti-Developm ent and the Constraints upon D evelopment 215 ANTI-DEVELOPMENT 2 l6 SOURCES OF ANTI-DEVELOPMENT 22J THE CONSTRAINTS 225 11 The Dimensions of Authentic Development 235 A THEORY OF NEEDS 236 DEVELOPMENT’S THREE DIMENSIONS 249 XIV Contents 12 W orld Resources and Priority Needs 273 ECOLOGICAL CONTROL 27J THE REQUIREMENTS OF OPTIM UM RESOURCE USE 2