Nanomaterials and Their Interactive Behavior with Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues

Description

Nanoscience is a multidisciplinary area of science which enables researchers to create tools that help in understanding the mechanisms related to the interactions between nanomaterials and biomolecules (nanotechnology). Nanomaterials represent nanotechnology products. These products have an enormous impact on technical industries and the quality of human life. Nanomaterials directly or indirectly have to interact with biosystems. It is, therefore, essential to understand the beneficial and harmful interactions of nanomaterials with and within a biosystem, especially with reference to humans. This book provides primary and advanced information concerning the interactions between nanomaterials and the components of a typical biosystem to readers. Chapters in the book cover, in a topic-based approach, the many facets of nanomolecular interactions with biological molecules and systems that influence their behavior, bioavailability and biocompatibility (including nucleic acids, cell membranes, tissues, enzymes and antibodies). A note on the applications of nanomaterials is also presented in the conclusion of the book to illustrate the usefulness of this class of materials. The contents of the book will benefit students, researchers, and technicians involved in the fields of biological sciences, such as cell biology, medicine, molecular biology, food technology, cosmetology, pharmacology, biotechnology, and environmental sciences. The book also provides information for the material science personnel, enabling them to understand the basics of target-oriented nanomaterials design for specific objectives. Cover Title Copyright End User License Agreement Contents Foreword Preface CONFLICT OF INTEREST CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION Acknowledgement Dedication Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and Biological Sciences OVERVIEW: NANOSCIENCE, NANOTECHNOLOGY, AND NANOMATERIALS HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY CURRENT SCENARIO OF NANOSCIENCE, NANOTECHNOLOGY, AND NANOMATERIALS VISUALIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AT NANOSCALE CAN NANOTECHNOLOGY BE CONSIDERED AS COMPLEMENTATION OF MICRO- TECHNOLOGY? CONCLUSION REFERENCES Nanomaterials and their Behavioral Aspects INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW DEFINING NANOMATERIALS USES OF NANOMATERIALS METAL AND METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR PHYSICOCHEMICAL FEATURES THAT IMPACT THEIR INTERACTION OR BEHAVIOR SURFACE ENERGY PLASMONIC NANOPARTICLES PHENOMENON OF LIGHT SCATTERING BY NANOMATERIALS Elastic and Thermal Scattering PHENOMENON OF SCATTERING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES BY NANOMATERIALS Raleigh Scattering MIE Scattering Raman Scattering Compton Scattering X-Ray Scattering Brillouin Scattering PHENOMENON OF ABSORPTION OF RADIANT ENERGY BY NANOMATERIALS IMPACT OF MEDIA ON OPTICAL BEHAVIOR OF NANOPARTICLES SCATTERING OF RADIATIONS BY IRREGULARLY SHAPED NANOPARTICLES APPLICATIONS OF SCATTERING, EXCITATION AND ABSORPTION PHENOMENA The Raman Microscopy Applications of Coherent Antistokes Raman Scattering (CARS) APPLICATION OF INFRARED MICROSCOPIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES IN UNDERSTANDING THE BEHAVIOR OF NANOMATERIALS Features That Influence the Behavior of Quantum Dots Features that Influence the Behavior of Carbon Nanomaterials-Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerene, and Graphene Features that Influence the Behavior of Dendrimers CONCLUSION REFERENCES Biocompatibility and Bioavailability of Nanomaterials Outline BIOCOMPATIBILITY, BIODISTRIBUTION, AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF NANOMATERIALS IN BIOSYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW STRATEGIES THAT AFFECT BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF NANOMATERIALS FUNCTIONALIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS STABILIZATION AGAINST AGGREGATION OR AGGLOMERATION OF NANOPARTICLES USE AND EXCHANGE OF LIGAND AND NANOMATERIALS ROLE OF PHASE TRANSFER PROCESS DURING THE BEHAVIOR OF NANOMATERIALS SILANIZATION NANOMATERIALS AS AGENTS TO DEVELOP MULTIFUNCTIONAL HYBRID COATING FOR SCRATCH AND CORROSION RESISTANT SURFACES: ROLE OF AEROGELS IN NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY OPSONIZATION SOME EXAMPLES OF NANOMATERIALS EXHIBITING BIOCOMPATIBILITY, BIODISTRIBUTION, AND BIOAVAILABILITY IN BIOSYSTEM CONCLUSION REFERENCES Physicochemical Aspects that Influence the Interactive Behavior of Nanomaterials INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW NATURAL AND ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS SOME FUNDAMENTALS RELATED TO PHYSICS THAT AFFECT THE BEHAVIOR OF NANOMATERIALS Quantum Mechanics Tunneling Effect SOME FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY THAT INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOR OF NANOMATERIALS Inter and Intramolecular Bonding Large Surface Area Hydrophobicity FACTORS AFFECTING INTERACTIONS OF NANOMATERIALS Ability of Nanomaterials To Get Distributed and Dispersed in Media Application of Equilibrium Equation Net Charge on Nanomaterials FORCES AFFECTING THE BEHAVIOR OF NANOMATERIALS IN BIOSYSTEM Role of Electrostatic Forces [Coulomb Forces (Fs)] During The Behavior of Nanomaterials Keesom Forces, Debye Forces, and London Dispersion Forces are Under Van Der Waals Forces Dispersibility and Solubility of Nanomaterials Influence of Size of Nanomaterials During their Interactions Influence of Shape of Nanomaterials on their Interactive Behavior Influence of Surface Properties of Nanomaterials During the interactive behavior Influence of the Surface Charge on Nanomaterials During their Interactive Behavior Influence of Composition of Nanomaterials on their Behavior and Interaction Influence of Optical Properties of Nanomaterials on their Interactive Behavior Influence of Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials During their Interactive Behavior CONCLUSION REFERENCES Interaction Between Nanomaterials and Glycocalyx, Cell Membrane, Cytoskeleton, Cell Organelles and Tissues OVERVIEW – NANOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS SOME SPECIAL MODES THAT FACILITATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NANOPARTICLES AND CELL MEMBRANE Cell Fusogenic Proteins (CFPs) Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPP) Proton Sponge Hypothesis and Nanomaterials BEHAVIOR OF NANOMATERIALS ROLE OF MASS TRANSPORT OF NANOMATERIALS IN BIOSYSTEM SIGNIFICANCE OF DEGRADABILITY OF NANOMATERIALS IN BIOSYSTEM INFLUENCE OF BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS ON INTERACTION BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS AND THE COMPONENTS OF BIOSYSTEM IMPORTANCE OF CHARACTERISTIC MEMBRANE WETTABILITY INFLUENCE OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND BIODISTRIBUTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN BIOSYSTEMS PATHWAYS RELATED TO INTERACTION OF NANOMATERIALS AND TISSUES –CLASSICAL PATHWAY; C-REACTIVE PROTEINS; LECTIN PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY ENDOCYTOTIC MECHANISM OF UPTAKE OF NANOPARTICLES Phagocytosis Caveolae-mediated Endocytosis Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis (CME) Other Mechanisms of Cellular Uptake THE BIOCHEMICAL, BIOPHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF GLYCOCALYX AND ITS INFLUENCE ON NANOMATERIALS Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Glycocalyx CELL MEMBRANE: OVERVIEW Interaction Between Nanomaterials and Cell Membrane CYTOSKELETON The Interactions of Nanomaterials with Cytoskeleton CONCLUSION REFERENCES Interactions Between Proteins and Nanomaterials OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF PROTEINS THE STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF PROTEIN The Primary Structure Secondary Structure of Protein Tertiary Structure of Protein Quaternary Structure of Protein PROTEIN STABILITY ZETA POTENTIAL (Ζ-POTENTIAL) OPSONIZATION OPSONINS Pentraxins Collectins Ficolins PROTEIN CORONA Impact of Size of Nanoparticle on Protein Corona Impact of Morphological Aspects of Nanoparticles on Protein Corona Impact of Surface Charge Present on Nanomaterials During the Formation of Protein Corona Influence of Hydrophobicity on Protein Corona Patterns of Protein Corona Influence of Composition of Medium on the Formation of Protein Corona Influence of Protein Conformation on Protein Corona Formation Influence of Protein Concentration in Interacting Medium on Protein Corona Influence of Exposure Duration on Protein Corona Formation Role of Static and Dynamic States of Body Fluids on Protein Corona Role of Static and Dynamic States of Body Fluids on Protein Corona Influence of Temperature on Protein Corona Formation Impact of pH on Protein Corona Formation Impact of Colloidal Stability on Protein Corona Formation Applications and Significance of Protein Corona SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERFACE DURING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS AND PROTEINS INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS AND PROTEINS THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS AND PROTEINS ON THEIR BIODISTRIBUTION PROTEIN CHIP OR PROTEIN MICROARRAY AND NANOMATERIALS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Genetic Material (DNA and RNA) INTRODUCTION AN OVERVIEW OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF DNA PHYSICOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF DNA IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF DNA DURING RADIATION ABSORPTION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DENSITY AND DNA INFLUENCE OF HYDROPHOBICITY AND HYDROPHILICITY CONCERNING DNA AND NANOMATERIALS THE IMPACT OF PH ON DNA MOLECULE IMPACT OF IONIC STRENGTH A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA Biological Significance of A-DNA Biological Significance of B-DNA Biological Significance of Z-DNA BASE PAIR GEOMETRY IN DNA MAJOR AND MINOR GROOVES OF DNA DNA AND ITS HELIX OR HELICAL STRUCTURE PROTEIN AND DNA BINDING INTERACTIONS EFFECTS OF ENTROPY ON DNA ELASTICITY OF DNA OVERVIEW OF THE HARMFUL IMPACTS OF NANOMATERIALS CONCERNING DNA INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS AND DNA INTERACTION BETWEEN CARBON NANOPARTICLES AND GENETIC MATERIALS INTERACTION BETWEEN QUANTUM DOTS AND GENETIC MATERIALS INTERACTION BETWEEN DENDRIMERS AND GENETIC MATERIALS INTERACTION BETWEEN HISTONE PROTEINS AND NANOMATERIALS THE RNA EXHIBITS THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL FEATURES ROLE OF RNA AS POLYMER RNA IS A THERMODYNAMICALLY STABLE BIOMOLECULE STABILITY OF RNA CONCERNING ENZYMES THE RNA EXHIBITS ADAPTABILITY AND PLASTICITY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS AND RNA EFFECTIVE ROLE OF RNA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL FORMULATIONS OF NANOSCALE MATERIALS STABILITY OF RNA CONCERNING CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Interactions Between Enzymes and Nanomaterials BIOCATALYSIS SUBSTRATE IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYME The Functional Roles of Nanomaterials in the Process of Immobilization of Enzyme Nanomaterials and the Process of Immobilization of Enzymes APPLICATIONS OF IMMOBILIZED ENZYME Applications of Immobilized Enzymes in Biomedical Field Application in Textile Technology and Industry Application of Immobilization in Food Technology Application of Immobilization of Enzyme in Biofuel Technology INTERACTIONS BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS AND ENZYMES THE DEROGATIVE IMPACTS OF NANOMATERIALS ON ENZYMES AND THEIR ACTIVITY IS THERE ANY CORRELATION BETWEEN NANOMATERIALS, ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES, AND BIOMIMETICS? CONCLUSION REFERENCES Nanomaterials and Immune System: Interactions INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW-IMMUNE SYSTEM IN HUMANS, NANOTECHNOLOGY, NANOSCIENCE, AND NANOMATERIALS POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF NANOMATERIAL BASED DELIVERY SYSTEM PROBABLE FLAWS OR UNDESIRABLE INTERACTIONS THAT APPEAR DURING THE APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIAL BASED DELIVERY SYSTEMS IMMUNOMODULATION NANOMATERIALS ARE COMPETENT AGENTS TO INFLUENCE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INFLUENCE OF NANOMATERIALS ON IMMUNOSTIMULATION, IMMUNOSUPPRESSION INTERACTIONS BETWEEN METAL, METAL OXIDE NANOPARTICLES, AND IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CARBON NANOMATERIALS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DENDRIMERS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS BETWEEN QUANTUM DOTS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIVE BEHAVIOR OF MESOPOROUS NANOMATERIALS AND IMMUNE SYSTEM SOME OF THE ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS INVOLVED WITH IMMUNE SYSTEM POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES NANOLIPOSOMES NANOEMULSIONS SOLID-LIPID-NANOMATERIALS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Broad Spectra of Applications Based Interactions of Nanomaterials OVERVIEW VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications Nanomaterials as Antifungal Agents Nanomaterials as Antiviral Agents Nanomaterials as Antibacterial Agents Overview of the Mechanism Involved During Antimicrobial Activity of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials The Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Antibacterial Activity and The Mechanism Involved NANOCOMPOSITES-A PRODUCTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THEIR BIOCOMPATIBILITY Applications of Synthetic Biopolymer Composites for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Applications of Bacterial Cellulose-Collagen Nanocomposite for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications of Nanomaterials as Biosensors Applications of Nanomaterials for Implants, Prosthesis and Tissue Engineering Applications of Nanomaterials for Bone and Dental Implants Applications of Nanomaterials as Cartilage Implants Applications of Nanomaterials as Oesophageal, Tracheal and Bladder Implants Applications of Nanomaterials as Vascular Implants and Stents Applications of Nanomaterials as Neural Implants Role of Nanomaterials in the Varied Aspects of Defense Nanovaccines and Nanomaterials CONCLUSION REFERENCES Subject Index