Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications

Description

Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications Discover a systematic approach to design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits In Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications, distinguished academics and authors Drs. Arindam Ghosh and Firuz Zare deliver a systematic exploration of design controllers for power electronic converters and circuits. The book offers readers the knowledge necessary to effectively design intelligent control mechanisms. It covers the theoretical requirements, like advanced control theories and the analysis and conditioning of AC signals as well as controller development and control. The authors provide readers with discussions of custom power devices, as well as both DC and AC microgrids. They also discuss the harmonic issues that are crucial in this area, as well as harmonic standardization. The book addresses a widespread lack of understanding in the control philosophy that can lead to a stable operation of converters, with a focus on the application of power electronics to power distribution systems. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to controller design for different power electronic converter configurations in microgrid systems (both AC and DC)A presentation of emerging technology in power distribution systems to integrate different renewable energy sourcesChapters on DC-DC converters and DC microgrids, as well as DC-AC converter modulation techniques and custom power devices, predictive control, and AC microgrids Perfect for manufacturers of power converters, microgrid developers and installers, as well as consultants who work in this area, Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications is also an indispensable reference for graduate students, senior undergraduate students, and researchers seeking a one-stop resource for the design of controllers for power electronic converters and circuits. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Author Biographies Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Power Electronics 1.2 Power Converter Modes of Operation 1.3 Power Converter Topologies 1.4 Harmonics and Filters 1.5 Power Converter Operating Conditions, Modelling, and Control 1.6 Control of Power Electronic Systems 1.6.1 Open-loop Versus Closed-loop Control 1.6.2 Nonlinear Systems 1.6.3 Piecewise Linear Systems 1.7 Power Distribution Systems 1.8 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 2 Analysis of AC Signals 2.1 Symmetrical Components 2.1.1 Voltage Unbalanced Factor (VUF) 2.1.2 Real and Reactive Power 2.2 Instantaneous Symmetrical Components 2.2.1 Estimating Symmetrical Components from Instantaneous Measurements 2.2.2 Instantaneous Real and Reactive Power 2.3 Harmonics 2.4 Clarke and Park Transforms 2.4.1 Clarke Transform 2.4.2 Park Transform 2.4.3 Real and Reactive Power 2.4.4 Analyzing a Three-phase Circuit 2.4.5 Relation Between Clarke and Park Transforms 2.5 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 2.5.1 Three-phase PLL System 2.5.2 PLL for Unbalanced System 2.5.3 Frequency Estimation of Balanced Signal Using αβ Components 2.6 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 3 Review of SISO Control Systems 3.1 Transfer Function and Time Response 3.1.1 Steady State Error and DC Gain 3.1.2 System Damping and Stability 3.1.3 Shaping a Second-order Response 3.1.4 Step Response of First- and Higher-order Systems 3.2 Routh–Hurwitz's Stability Test 3.3 Root Locus 3.3.1 Number of Branches and Terminal Points 3.3.2 Real Axis Locus 3.3.3 Breakaway and Break-in Points 3.4 PID Control 3.4.1 PI Controller 3.4.2 PD Controller 3.4.3 Tuning of PID Controllers 3.5 Frequency Response Methods 3.5.1 Bode Plot 3.5.2 Nyquist (Polar) Plot 3.5.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion 3.6 Relative Stability 3.6.1 Phase and Gain Margins 3.6.2 Bandwidth 3.7 Compensator Design 3.7.1 Lead Compensator 3.7.2 Lag Compensator 3.7.3 Lead–lag Compensator 3.8 Discrete-time Control 3.8.1 Discrete-time Representation 3.8.2 The z-transform 3.8.3 Transformation from Continuous Time to Discrete Time 3.8.4 Mapping s-Plane into z-Plane 3.8.5 Difference Equation and Transfer Function 3.8.6 Digital PID Control 3.9 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 4 Power Electronic Control Design Challenges 4.1 Analysis of Buck Converter 4.1.1 Designing a Buck Converter 4.1.2 The Need for a Controller 4.1.3 Dynamic State of a Power Converter 4.1.4 Averaging Method 4.1.5 Small Signal Model of Buck Converter 4.1.6 Transfer Function of Buck Converter 4.1.7 Control of Buck Converter 4.2 Transfer Function of Boost Converter 4.2.1 Control of Boost Converter 4.2.2 Two-loop Control of Boost Converter 4.2.3 Some Practical Issues 4.3 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 5 State Space Analysis and Design 5.1 State Space Representation of Linear Systems 5.1.1 Continuous-time Systems 5.1.2 Discrete-time Systems 5.2 Solution of State Equation of a Continuous-time System 5.2.1 State Transition Matrix 5.2.2 Properties of State Transition Matrix 5.2.3 State Transition Equation 5.3 Solution of State Equation of a Discrete-time System 5.3.1 State Transition Matrix 5.3.2 Computation of State Transition Matrix 5.3.3 Discretization of a Continuous-time System 5.4 Relation Between State Space Form and Transfer Function 5.4.1 Continuous-time System 5.4.2 Discrete-time System 5.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 5.5.1 Eigenvalues 5.5.2 Eigenvectors 5.6 Diagonalization of a Matrix Using Similarity Transform 5.6.1 Matrix with Distinct Eigenvalues 5.6.2 Matrix with Repeated Eigenvalues 5.7 Controllability of LTI Systems 5.7.1 Implication of Cayley–Hamilton Theorem 5.7.2 Controllability Test Condition 5.8 Observability of LTI Systems 5.9 Pole Placement Through State Feedback 5.9.1 Pole Placement with Integral Action 5.9.2 Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) 5.9.3 Discrete-time State Feedback with Integral Control 5.10 Observer Design (Full Order) 5.10.1 Separation Principle 5.11 Control of DC-DC Converter 5.11.1 Steady State Calculation 5.11.2 Linearized Model of a Boost Converter 5.11.3 State Feedback Control of a Boost Converter 5.12 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 6 Discrete-time Control 6.1 Minimum Variance (MV) Prediction and Control 6.1.1 Discrete-time Models for SISO Systems 6.1.2 MV Prediction 6.1.3 MV Control Law 6.1.4 One-step-ahead Control 6.2 Pole Placement Controller 6.2.1 Pole Shift Control 6.3 Generalized Predictive Control (GPC) 6.3.1 Simplified GPC Computation 6.4 Adaptive Control 6.5 Least-squares Estimation 6.5.1 Matrix Inversion Lemma 6.5.2 Recursive Least-squares. (RLS) Identification 6.5.3 Bias and Consistency 6.6 Self-tuning Controller 6.6.1 MV Self-tuning Control 6.6.2 Pole Shift Self-tuning Control 6.6.3 Self-tuning Control of Boost Converter 6.7 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 7 DC-AC Converter Modulation Techniques 7.1 Single-phase Bridge Converter 7.1.1 Hysteresis Current Control 7.1.2 Bipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) 7.1.3 Unipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation 7.2 SPWM of Three-phase Bridge Converter 7.3 Space Vector Modulation (SVM) 7.3.1 Calculation of Space Vectors 7.3.2 Common Mode Voltage 7.3.3 Timing Calculations 7.3.4 An Alternate Method for Timing Calculations 7.3.5 Sequencing of Space Vectors 7.4 SPWM with Third Harmonic Injection 7.5 Multilevel Converters 7.5.1 Diode-clamped Multilevel Converter 7.5.2 Switching States of Diode-clamped Multilevel Converters 7.5.3 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 7.5.4 Cascaded Multilevel Converter 7.5.5 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) 7.5.6 PWM of Multilevel Converters 7.6 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 8 Control of DC-AC Converters 8.1 Filter Structure and Design 8.1.1 Filter Design 8.1.2 Filter with Passive Damping 8.2 State Feedback Based PWM Voltage Control 8.2.1 HPF-based Control Design 8.2.2 Observer-based Current Estimation 8.3 State Feedback Based SVPWM Voltage Control 8.4 Sliding Mode Control 8.4.1 Sliding Mode Voltage Control 8.5 State Feedback Current Control 8.6 Output Feedback Current Control 8.7 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 9 VSC Applications in Custom Power 9.1 DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode 9.1.1 Discrete-time PWM State Feedback Control 9.1.2 Discrete-time Output Feedback PWM Control 9.1.3 Voltage Control Using Four-leg Converter 9.1.4 The Effect of System Frequency 9.1.5 Power Factor Correction 9.2 Load Compensation 9.2.1 Classical Load Compensation Technique 9.2.2 Load Compensation Using VSC 9.3 Other Custom Power Devices 9.4 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 10 Microgrids 10.1 Operating Modes of a Converter 10.2 Grid Forming Converters 10.2.1 PI Control in dq-domain 10.2.2 State Feedback Control in dq-domain 10.3 Grid Feeding Converters 10.4 Grid Supporting Converters for Islanded Operation of Microgrids 10.4.1 Active and Reactive Over a Feeder 10.4.2 Inductive Grid 10.4.3 Resistive Grid 10.4.4 Consideration of Line Impedances 10.4.5 Virtual Impedance 10.4.6 Inclusion of Nondispatchable Sources 10.4.7 Angle Droop Control 10.5 Grid-connected Operation of Microgrid 10.6 DC Microgrids 10.6.1 P-V Droop Control 10.6.2 The Effect of Line Resistances 10.6.3 I-V Droop Control 10.6.4 DCMG Operation with DC-DC Converters 10.7 Integrated AC-DC System 10.7.1 Dual Active Bridge (DAB) 10.7.2 AC Utility Connected DCMG 10.8 Control Hierarchies of Microgrids 10.8.1 Primary Control 10.8.2 Secondary Control 10.8.3 Tertiary Control 10.9 Smart Distribution Networks: Networked Microgrids 10.9.1 Interconnection of Networked Microgrids 10.10 Microgrids in Cluster 10.10.1 The Concept of Power Exchange Highway (PEH) 10.10.2 Operation of DC Power Exchange Highway (DC-PEH) 10.10.3 Overload Detection and Surplus Power Calculation 10.10.4 Operation of DC-PEH 10.10.5 Dynamic Droop Gain Selection 10.11 Concluding Remarks Problems Notes and References Chapter 11 Harmonics in Electrical and Electronic Systems 11.1 Harmonics and Interharmonics 11.1.1 High-frequency Harmonics (2–150 kHz) 11.1.2 EMI in the Frequency Range of 150 kHz–30 MHz 11.1.3 Common Mode and Differential Mode Harmonics and Noises 11.1.4 Stiff and Weak Grids 11.2 Power Quality Factors and Definitions 11.2.1 Harmonic Distortion 11.2.2 Power and Displacement Factors 11.3 Harmonics Generated by Power Electronics in Power Systems 11.3.1 Harmonic Analysis at a Load Side (a Three-phase Inverter) 11.3.2 Harmonic Analysis at a Grid Side (a Three-phase Rectifier) 11.3.3 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (Single-phase Rectifier with and without PF Correction System) 11.3.4 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (AFE) 11.4 Power Quality Regulations and Standards 11.4.1 IEEE Standards 11.4.2 IEEE 519 11.4.3 IEEE 1547 11.4.4 IEEE 1662-2008 11.4.5 IEEE 1826-2012 11.4.6 IEEE 1709-2010 11.4.7 IEC Standards 11.5 Concluding Remarks Notes and References Index IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems EULA