Advanced Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation of Water: Comparative Study of Water Pollution Index during Pre-industrial, Industrial Period and Prospect of Wastewater Treatment for Water Resource Conservation

Description

This book focuses on industrial wastes that either join the streams or other natural water bodies directly, or are emptied into the municipal sewers, and their characteristics vary widely depending on the source of production and the raw material used by the industry, even during pre-industrial, industrial period and prospect of wastewater treatment for water resource conservation. The treatment of industrial wastewater can be done in part or as a whole either by the biological or chemical processes. Advanced treatment methods like membrane separation, ultra-filtration techniques and adsorption are elaborated. It would emphasize and facilitate a greater understanding of all existing available research, i.e., theoretical, methodological, well-established and validated empirical work, associated with the environment and climate change aspects.  Preface Contents About the Editors 1 Industrial Wastewater: Characteristics, Treatment Techniques and Reclamation of Water 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Guidelines for Wastewater Discharge into the Environment 1.1.2 Types of Industries on the Basis of Wastewater Production 1.2 Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater 1.2.1 Physical Characteristics 1.2.2 Chemical Characteristics 1.2.3 Biological Characteristics 1.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment Techniques 1.3.1 Pre-treatment Methods 1.3.2 Primary Treatment 1.3.3 Secondary Treatment 1.3.4 Tertiary Treatment 1.4 Advanced Treatment and Purification of Treated Water for Reclamation 1.4.1 Disinfection 1.4.2 Carbon Adsorption 1.4.3 Ion Exchange 1.4.4 Granular Media Filters 1.4.5 Bioremediation 1.4.6 Automatic Variable Filtration System 1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 1.6 Summary References 2 Advanced Treatment Technologies for Industrial Wastewater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Membrane Based Technologies 2.2.1 Pressure Driven Membrane Processes 2.2.2 Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes 2.2.3 Hybrid Membrane Processes 2.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes 2.4 Nanotechnology Based Processes 2.4.1 Nanoparticles Based Treatment 2.4.2 Nano-Photo Catalysis 2.5 Miscellaneous Wastewater Treatment Technologies 2.5.1 Cavitation 2.5.2 Wet Air Oxidation 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 3 Advances & Trends in Advance Oxidation Processes and Their Applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) 3.2.1 Ozone Based AOPs 3.2.2 Fenton Based AOPs 3.2.3 Sonolysis 3.2.4 Electro-Chemical Oxidation 3.2.5 Photocatalysis 3.2.6 Photolysis 3.2.7 Wet Air Oxidation 3.3 Recent Trends in AOPs 3.3.1 Cavitation 3.3.2 Ionizing Radiation 3.3.3 Hybrid Methods 3.4 Conclusion and Way Forward References 4 Microbial Aspect in Wastewater Management: Biofilm 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Sources Causing Pollution in Water 4.3 Physical and Chemical Methods in Wastewater Treatment 4.3.1 Disadvantages of Physical and Chemical Treatment 4.4 Microbial Aspect of Wastewater Treatment 4.4.1 Biofilm Based Bioreactors 4.4.2 Trickling Filter (TF) 4.4.3 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 4.4.4 Membrane Biofilm Reactor (MBR) 4.4.5 Fluidized-Bed Reactors (FBR) 4.4.6 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) 4.5 Activated Sludge 4.6 Film and Floating Plants 4.7 Heavy Metal Remedy 4.8 Biofilm Controls Oil Spill Pollution 4.9 Future Aspect 4.10 Conclusion References 5 Heavy Metals Removal Techniques from Industrial Waste Water 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Noxious Heavy Metals 5.2 Wastewater Treatment Method 5.2.1 Physico-Chemical Methods 5.2.2 Ion Exchange 5.2.3 Adsorption 5.2.4 Electrochemical Treatments 5.2.5 Recent Advance Techniques 5.2.6 Photocatalysis Technique 5.3 Conclusion and Future Aspects References 6 Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for the Treatment of Petrochemical Industry Wastewater 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Petrochemical Wastewater Characteristics and Discharge Standards 6.3 Ramifications of Petrochemical Industry Wastewaters on Environment 6.4 Petrochemical Industry Wastewaters Treatment Technologies 6.4.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater 6.5 Energy Consumption in Advanced Oxidation Processes 6.6 Conclusions 6.7 Future Perspectives References 7 Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds by Wastewater Treatment 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Source of EDCs 7.3 Hazard Identification Based on the Key Characteristics of Endocrine Disruptors 7.4 Mode of Action of EDCs 7.5 Impact on Human Health 7.6 Elimination Techniques of EDCs from Wastewater 7.6.1 Advanced Oxidation Process 7.6.2 Photocatalytic Degradation 7.6.3 Coagulation Processes 7.6.4 Membrane Separation Process 7.6.5 Adsorption Process 7.7 Threat Evaluation and Approaches Towards Preventions 7.8 Conclusion References 8 Ballast Water System Treatment Techniques in Marine Transportation Industry: A Case Study of M/V LOCH MELFORT 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Related Works 8.3 Methodologies 8.3.1 Water Treatment by UV Ray 8.3.2 Chemical Treatment Method 8.4 Results and Discussion 8.5 Conclusion Remarks References 9 Science and Technology Roadmap for Adsorption of Metallic Contaminants from Aqueous Effluents Using Biopolymers and Its’ Derivatives 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Different Types of Biopolymers 9.2.1 Chitin 9.2.2 Chitosan 9.2.3 Cellulose 9.2.4 Starch 9.2.5 Alginate 9.3 Ligno-Cellulosic Residues 9.3.1 Composition of Ligno-Cellulosic Materials/Residues 9.3.2 Ligno-Cellulosic Materials for Heavy Metals Removal 9.4 Conclusion References 10 Impact of Industrial Wastewater on Environment and Human Health 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Physico-chemical Characteristics of Wastewater from Different Industries 10.2.1 Agricultural and Food Industrial Wastewater 10.2.2 Personal Care Products and Pharmaceutical Industries Wastewater 10.2.3 Iron and Steel Industry Wastewater 10.2.4 Mining and Quarries Industry Wastewater 10.2.5 Paper Mill Industry Wastewater 10.2.6 Textile Industry Wastewater 10.2.7 Complex Organic Chemical Industries Wastewater 10.2.8 Soap and Detergent Industries Wastewater 10.2.9 Battery Manufacturing Industry Wastewater 10.3 Impact of Industrial Wastewater 10.3.1 Environmental Hazards of Industrial Waste Effluents 10.3.2 Impact of Industrial Waste Water on Health 10.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 11 Fundamentals of Adsorption Process onto Carbon, Integration with Biological Process for Treating Industrial Waste Water: Future Perspectives and Challenges 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of Activated Carbon Used as Adsorbent for Waste Water Treatment 11.2.1 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) 11.2.2 Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) 11.3 Fundamental of Adsorption Process for Removal of Aqueous Pollutant from Industrial Effluents 11.4 Mechanism for Transportation of Pollutant-Solute (Adsorbate) Particles Inside the Carbon Matrix (Adsorbent) During Wastewater Treatment 11.4.1 Bulk Transportation of Solution 11.4.2 External/Peripheral Diffusion 11.4.3 Internal/Interior/Intraparticle Diffusion 11.4.4 Adsorption 11.5 Types of Carbon Reactors Used for Industrial Waste Water Treatment 11.5.1 Reactors Using PAC 11.5.2 Reactors Using GAC 11.6 Application of Activated Carbon (AC) in Secondary and Tertiary Phase Treatment for Purification of Industrial Waste Water 11.6.1 Application of PAC in Secondary and Tertiary Phase Treatment 11.6.2 Application of GAC in Secondary and Tertiary Phase Treatment 11.7 Integration of Biological System with Activated Carbon: Mechanism 11.7.1 Retention Properties of Non-biodegradable and Slow Biodegradable Organic Molecules Over the Surface of AC 11.7.2 Retaining Properties of Toxic Substances Over the Surface of AC 11.7.3 Substrate Concentration Over the Surface of AC 11.7.4 Retaining Properties of Volatile (VOCs) Chemicals Over AC 11.7.5 Growth of Microbes Over the Surface of AC 11.7.6 Bio-regeneration of AC Surface 11.8 Conclusion References 12 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Waste to Amorphous Phase Carbon for Treating Industrial Waste Water 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Thermochemical Conversion of Ligno-Cellulosic Fibers: Critical Aspects and Effective Strategy for Strengthening the Sustainable Development of Green/Circular Economy 12.3 Source, Properties and Potential of Using Ligno-Cellulosic Fiber 12.4 Ligno-Cellulosic Biomass-A Potential Candidate for Biosorption 12.5 Physiochemical Properties of Sorbent Affecting Adsorption 12.5.1 Surface Area 12.5.2 Physiochemical Properties of the Adsorbate/Pollutants 12.5.3 pH 12.5.4 Temperature 12.5.5 Pore Size Distribution 12.5.6 Surface Functional Groups 12.6 Derivatives of Ligno-Cellulosic Biomass to Treat Industrial Effluents 12.6.1 Biochar 12.6.2 Activated Carbon 12.7 Conclusion References Index