Culturally Alert Counseling A Comprehensive Introduction

Description

Culturally Alert Counseling is an introduction to multicultural counseling Preface To The Third Edition Acknowledgments About the Editor About the Contributors Part I: Key Concepts Chapter 1 Culture and Diversity Defined Counseling and Culture The Dismissal of the “Other” Counseling: A Hopeful Venture The Risk of Stereotyping Case Vignette Preview of the Chapter “Why” Culturally Alert Counseling? Inevitability Equity Ethical Responsibility Professional Self-Interest The “What” of Culture and Culturally Alert Counseling: Key Notions Defining Culture Culture: Pervasive and Invisible Culture as Discourse History of the Term Culture Culture Broadly Applied Defining Diversity Attitudes Toward Diversity Psychological Processes for Encountering Diversity: Assimilation Versus Accommodation The Requirements for Being a Culturally Alert Counselor The Multicultural Counseling Competencies Summary Appendix A Cross-Cultural Counseling Competencies: A Conceptual Framework Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis (1992) References Chapter 2Culture: Clarifications and Complications Case Vignette Important Dimensions of Culture Objective and Subjective Culture Individualism and Collectivism as Dimensions of Subjective Culture The Invisibility and Depth of Much Culture Intersectionality Individuals’ Relationships to Their Cultures Cultural Identity Development Culture Centrism Cultural Relativism Salience Culture in Perspective: Potential Misunderstandings Balancing Culture With Other Explanations of Human Behavior Bias and Stereotyping Exclusive Emphasis on “Minorities” Language for Cultural Groups Guidelines for Flexibility in Working With Culture References Chapter 3 Social Justice and Advocacy Case Vignette The Charge The Rationale for Social Justice Work Environmental and Socio-Political Context Social Diversity versus Social Justice Social Justice Social Equality and Equity: Access and Opportunity Oppression Examples of External Oppression for Specific Groups Internalized Oppression Microaggressions Privilege: Invisible and Unearned Advocacy and Empowerment Advocacy Empowerment Being an Ally Need for Training Personal Qualities and Skills Needed for Social Justice and Advocacy Cultural Identity Humility and Openness The Ability to Engage in Socially Critical Thinking Critical Consciousness Persistence Summary References Chapter 4 Ethnicity Ethnicity and Race: Conflated Concepts Conceptualizing Ethnicity Enculturation and Acculturation Enculturation Acculturation Four Expressions of Enculturation and Acculturation Four Types of Acculturation and Enculturation Integration and Bicultural Competence Assimilation Separation Marginalization Helping Clients With Acculturation Salience Categories and Terms Used for Ethnicity Nationality Labels for Ethnic Groups Panethnic Groupings Power Differences Ethnicity and Counseling Assessing and Incorporating Ethnicity Challenging Problematic Ethnic Rules Summary References Chapter 5 Conceptualizing Race and Racism Defining a Murky Concept Racism Categorization of Races The Status of Racism Today Origins and History of the Concept of Race in the United States Theories and Movements That Reinforced the Race Paradigm Foundations of Race in Law Foundations of Race in Evolutionary Theory Foundations of Race in Genetic Inheritance Theory Foundations of Race in the Assimilationist and Melting Pot Perspectives The Assimilationist Perspective The Melting Pot Perspective The Multicultural Formulation The Contemporary Status of Race and Racism Contemporary Black-White Relations Color-Blind Racism Internalized Racism in Nondominant Groups External Evidence of Modern Racism: Wealth, Housing, Criminal Justice, and Jobs Wealth Housing Criminal Justice Jobs Psychological Dimensions of Race Racial Identity Development The Racial Identity Development for People of Color Model White Racial Identity Development Multiracial Individuals and Families Multiracial Identity Root’s Multiracial Identity Model Choi-Misailidis’s Multiracial Heritage Awareness and Personal Affiliation Theory Henriksen and Paladino’s Multiple Heritage Identity Development (MHID) Model Implications for Counseling Summary References Part II: Major Ethnic Groupings Chapter 6 African Americans Americans of African Descent: The People and Their History African Heritage Slavery Racism: The Legacy of Slavery Contemporary Forms of Racism The African American Response to Racism African American Values and Characteristics Case Vignette Time Relationships With Others Communication Religion and Spirituality Functions of the Black Church The Black Church and Mental Health Family and Parenting Extended Family Racial Socialization in the Family Parenting Practices Racial Identity Development/Nigrescence Career Continuing Discrimination Affirmative Action Protected Occupations Mass Incarceration The Seduction of Athletics and Entertainment Gender Gender Equality in African American Families The Dilemmas for Women and Men Education and Gender Negative Expectations for Boys Standards of Beauty Social Class The Black Middle Class Black Poverty Other Differences Between the Black Middle and Lower Classes Physical and Mental Health Culturally Alert Counseling Interventions Particular Concerns of African American Clients Guidelines for Counseling African Americans Lee’s Guidelines for Counseling African Americans Africentric Counseling African Centered Psychology The TRIOS Model Summary References Chapter 7East and Southeast Asian Americans Case Vignette Demographic Characteristics Sociopolitical History Anti-Asian Sentiment The Immigration Act of 1965 The Ending of the War in Southeast Asia Case Vignette East and Southeast Asian Cultures Acculturation and Enculturation Racial and Ethnic Identity Development Conformity Dissonance and Beginning to Appreciate Resistance and Immersion Introspection and Internalization Universal Awareness Asian Cultural Values Variations in Values Among Asian Cultures Communication Patterns Language Context Face Honorifics and Diminutions Politeness and Emotional Expression Mental Health Issues for Asian Americans Racism History of Anti-Asian Racism Current Anti-Asian Racism Microaggressions Institutional Racism Racism and Counseling The Model Minority Stereotype Model Minority and Diversity Among Asian Americans Model Minority as a Stressor Acculturative Stress Premigration History as Related to Mental Health Culture-Bound Syndromes Intervention Issues and Strategies Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services Psychological Assessment Indigenous Healing Methods Conventional Approaches to Psychological Treatment and Asian Americans Modification of Conventional Counseling for Asian Americans Five Factors for Working With Asian Americans Working With Asian American Families Additional Sources of Mental Health Support Summary References Chapter 8 Native Americans Case Scenarios Case Vignette Group Membership and Terminology Native Americans Today Demographics Current Efforts Within Native Communities Indigenous Ways of Knowing Sociocultural Characteristics: Walking the Good Red Road Acculturation Cultural Identity and the Tribal Nation Family Wisdom Keepers Surviving “History:” A Story of Healing from Intergenerational Grief and Trauma Current Social, Economic, and Political Issues Identity Self-Determination and Sovereignty Federal and State Recognition Cultural Preservation Achievement Gap Barriers to Economic Development Gaming Tribal Resources Treaty Rights Religious Freedom Sacred Sites, Repatriation, and Reburial Mascot Issues Living Native Ways: Cultural Values Humility Generosity Patience Time Being Spirituality Eagle Speaks Communication Style Indian Humor Mental Health Issues and Counseling Native Americans Native Strengths and Challenges Contemporary Counseling Interventions for Native Americans Identity, Family, and Acculturation Healing from Historical Trauma and the Impact of Oppression Drawing on Traditions Integrating Spirituality Using the Rule of Opposites and Seeking Balance Communicating Humor Practical Interventions Working from a Social Justice and Advocacy Counseling Perspective Summary References Chapter 9 White Americans of European Descent Introduction Case Vignette Organization and Purposes of This Chapter Who are European Americans? WEA History Racioethnic Categorization Characteristics of White Americans of European Descent Characteristics of Specific White American Ethnic Groups Characteristics of Specific European American Ethnic Groups Northern European Protestant Americans Counseling Considerations Counseling Considerations Counseling Considerations Counseling Considerations Other European American Groups Counseling Considerations Counseling Considerations Counseling Considerations Counseling Considerations Counseling Considerations Overall Counseling Implications Mental Health Issues for European Americans Counseling between European Americans and Clients of Color Counseling Resolutions in the Vignettes Summary References Chapter 10 Middle Eastern/North African (MENA) Ancestry Case Vignette Popular Views of People with MENA Ancestry Defining the Identity of People from the MENA Region Immigration from the Middle East Characteristics of MENA Cultures Core Values Collectivism Acculturation and MENA Families Family Roles and Parenting Gender Roles within the Family Religion and Social Support Communication Styles School and Career Traditional Clothing Mental Health Issues for Americans of MENA Descent Risks, Stressors, and Diagnosed Mental Disorders Discrimination and Acculturative Stress Children and Elderly With Special Needs Intimate Partner Violence Trauma Somatization Other Common Disorders Addictions: Substance Abuse and Gambling Ethnic Identity Socialization: Acculturation, Enculturation, and Adjustment Counseling Interventions Protective Factors in MENA Americans Family and Community Involvement in Individuals’ Lives Assessment and Recommended Counseling Modalities: Structured and Relational Counselor Self-Awareness Counselor Advocacy and Other Roles Summary References Chapter 11 Latino/a Americans Case Vignette Introduction Hispanic or Latino/a: What’s in a Name? Latino/a Demographics Latino/a Ethnicity and Race Stereotypes, Racism, and Prejudice Latino/a Cultures Commonalities Among Latino/a Peoples Regional Differences Language: Spanish, English, and Spanglish La Familia: Family Relationships in Latino/a Culture Latino/a Gender Issues Acculturation and Enculturation Understanding Client Ethnic Identity Biculturalism Identities Measuring Biculturalism The Bicultural Orientation Model The Latino Dimensions of Family and Personal Identity Immigration Particular Subgroups of Latinos/as Latinos/as Not From Mexico, Puerto Rico, or Cuba LGBTQ Latinos/as Latino/a Professionals and Students Latino/a Elderly Latinos/as in the Prison System Latinos/as in the Military Young Latino/a Children Counseling Latinos/as Acknowledging Racism and Prejudice Access Issues in Counseling Laws and Policies That Affect Latino/a Clients Summary References Chapter 12South Asian Americans Case Vignette Demographic Characteristics of South Asians Immigration Patterns and Experiences of South Asians Cultural Values and Characteristics of South Asian Americans Patriarchy Reticence Collectivism Religion and Spirituality Implications of South Asian Values for Counseling Acculturation Challenges and Strategies for South Asian Americans Acculturation Strategies Acculturative Stress Culture Shock Experiences of Prejudice or Perceived Prejudice Ethnic Identity Gender Roles Family Conflicts Sense of Inferiority Communication Problems Sense of Uncertainty Loss of Support Systems Nostalgia or Homesickness Feelings of Guilt Assessing Acculturation Mental Health and South Asian Americans The Absence of Information on Mental Health and South Asian Americans Asian Americans as a Model Minority Model Minority Myth Debunked Failure to Seek Professional Help Misconceptions About Mental Health and South Asian Americans Presenting Psychological Problems of South Asians Physical Complaints External Attributions Avoiding Early Childhood Exploration Spiritualizing Emotional Difficulties Career Concerns Specific Mental Health Concerns of South Asians Problems of South Asian American Youth South Asian American Parents’ Concerns About Their Children Additional Concerns Counseling and Psychotherapy with South Asian Americans Special Guidelines Counselor Self-Examination Consultation With Healers in the South Asian Community The Role of Religion and Spirituality in Counseling The Family First Concept South Asians as Targets of Prejudice and Discrimination South Asians and Internalized Racism Level of Acculturation Generation Gap Issues of South Asian Immigrants and Their Children Using a Relational Style of Counseling Dealing With Sex-Related Concerns Incorporating Strategies Into Three Main Stages of Counseling First Stage: Exploration Second Stage: Insight Third Stage: Action Four Strategies for Working With South Asian Clients Using Cultural Genograms Narratives and Stories Bibliotherapy and Psychoeducation Group Counseling With South Asians Summary References Part III: Social Groups Chapter 13Social Class Case Vignette Definitions and Implications of Class Definitions: Criteria for Determining Class Objective Dimensions of Class Objective Descriptions of Classes The Upper Classes The Upper Middle Classes The Lower-Middle and Working Classes The Poor: Working Poor and Underclass The Working Poor The Poor or Underclass The Subjective Dimensions of Class Class in Context The Context of Multiple Identities Cultural Patterns and Lifestyle Perspectives in the Context of Class Family Life in the Context of Class Marriage in the Context of Class Parenting Styles in the Context of Class Experience of Childhood and Adolescence in the Context of Class Transition to Adulthood Education in the Context of Class Career Development and Work–Life Issues in the Context of Class Career Choices Work–Family Issues Change in Class Status Costs of Upward Mobility Downward Social Mobility Classism External Classism Internalized Classism Institutional Classism Institutional Classism in Public Policy Institutional Classism in Education Mental Health and Class Differences Prevalence of Disorders Reasons for Class Differences in Mental Health Effects of the Environment Class-Related Values Diagnostic Bias Class Bias in Counseling Practice Class-Biased Assumptions Class Bias in the Counseling Relationship Power Compromises and Values Shame Class Bias in Schools and School Counseling Class Bias in Mental Health Counseling Class-Alert Counseling: Assessment and Intervention Considering Class Factors: Counselor Self-Assessment Assessing for Class Context The Case of Jean Class-Alert Assessment of Jean Class-Alert Intervention With Jean Paying Immediate Attention to Survival Needs Structural Issues in the Case of Jean Being Alert to Class-Related Communication Style Pathologizing Grief The Class-Alert Counselor’s Actions Class-Alert Practice Summary References Chapter 14 Gender Case Vignette Sex versus Gender Margaret Fuller Gender Role Development and Socialization Gender as Choice The Traditional Model of Sex and Gender Historical Shifts in Gender Assumptions The Power of Socialization Theories of Gender Development Emphasis on Nature in Gender Development Emphasis on Nurture in Gender Development Gender Stereotypes The Function of Gender Stereotypes Drawbacks of Gender Stereotypes Gender Role Conflict The Alternative: Fluid Gender Gender and Counseling The Power of Gender Stereotypes and Biases in Counseling Experiences of Men and Women in Counseling Counseling Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Individuals Counselor Values and TGNC Clients Characteristics of Gender Dyads in Counseling The Effects of Sex Combinations in Counseling Male Counselor–Male Client Female Counselor–Male Client Male Counselor–Female Client Female Counselor–Female Client Gender-Attuned Interventions Feminist Therapy Gender-Fair Counseling Summary References Chapter 15 Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Clients Case Vignette Self-Awareness Attitudes Toward LGB Persons Correlates of Heterosexuals’ Attitudes and Behaviors Toward LGB Persons Counselors’ Attitudes Toward LGB persons The Impact of Heterosexist and Bisexist Biases in Counseling Work Types of Problematic Counselor Heterosexist and Bisexist Responses Identifying and Challenging Heterosexism and Bisexism Knowledge about Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation as a Continuum Same-Sex and Bisexual Attractions Causes of Sexual Orientation Social and Psychological Dimensions of Minority Sexual Orientation Skills Using Nonheterosexist, Non-Monosexist, and Inclusive Language Responding to Clients’ Disclosures of Their Sexual Identities Conceptualizing the Role of Sexual Orientation in the Counseling Process Facilitating Sexual Identity Development and the Coming-Out Process External Oppression: Attending to the Heterosexist and/or Bisexist Context of Clients’ Lives Internalized Oppression: Identifying and Challenging Internalized Heterosexism and/or Bisexism Exploring Multiple Identities of LGB Clients Counselors’ Self-Disclosure of Their Sexual Orientation Engaging in Activism Toward the Eradication of Heterosexism and Bisexism Skills: Case Example Skills: Activities Summary References Chapter 16 Religion and Spirituality Case Vignette Religion and Spirituality Defining Religion Defining Spirituality Comparing Religion and Spirituality Psychological Aspects of Religion and Spirituality Psychological Functions of Religion and Spirituality Healthy and Unhealthy Religion and Spirituality Assessing the Healthiness of Religion and Spirituality Beliefs of the Major Religious Groups in the United States and Implications for Counseling Christianity Islam Judaism Hinduism Buddhism Earth-Based Religions and Paganism Agnosticism, Humanism, and Unitarian Universalism The Intersection of Religion, Spirituality, and Ethnicity Religious and Spiritual Development Religion and Counseling Awareness Countertransference Overcoming Bias Knowledge Skills Informed Consent Assessment Intervention Network, Referral, Consultation, and Partnership With Indigenous Healers Applying Religiously Alert Interventions to the Vignettes Applying Universal Competencies to the Vignettes Applying Countertransference Awareness to the Vignettes Applying Explicit Interventions to the Vignettes Intervening in the Case of Brittany Intervening in the Case of Geoff Intervening in the Case of Joseph Summary References Chapter 17 Individuals With Disabilities Case Vignette Introduction Definition of Disability Categories of Disabilities Physical and Mobility Disabilities Sensory Disabilities Health Disabilities Psychological and Psychiatric Disabilities Neurodevelopmental Disorders Early Disability Legislation and Disability Movements Historical Perspective The Disability Rights Movement The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) ADA Amendments Act of 2008 Highlights of the Final Rules to Amend Title II of the ADA Key Concepts Barriers Ableism Spread Language and Disability Learned Helplessness Implications for Practice Bias in Assessment Bias in Counseling Understanding the Challenges Associated With Disability Prerequisite: Counselor Knowledge of Disabilities The Capabilities Approach Adopting a Person-Centered Approach Strengths-Based Approaches Implementing the Social/Minority Model The Use of Narrative Approaches Use of Social/Minority and Strengths-Based Approaches in the Case of Paul Summary References Chapter 18Immigrants and Refugees: Facilitating Cultural Transition Case Vignette Migration in Current National and International Contexts Defining Migrant Current Socio-Political Climate and Reality Related to Migration General Characteristics of Immigrants and Refugees Immigrants Refugees Strength and Resilience of Immigrants and Refugees Resilience and Distress Three Phases in Migration Premigration Stressors Stressors During Migration Postmigration Stressors Postmigration Stressors and Counseling Responses Acculturation and Acculturative Stress Acculturation Acculturative Stress Language Barriers Intergenerational Conflict Divergent Cultural Beliefs on Mental Health and Help Seeking Racism and Discrimination Adjustment to Postmigration Loss in Status and Identity Domestic Violence Counseling Refugee Survivors of Trauma and/or Torture Effects of Torture Trauma Therapy Model Incorporating Social Advocacy and Community Resources into Counseling Subsistence Needs Oppression and Systemic Barriers Summary References Chapter 19Military Populations Case Vignette Military Structure Five Branches Rank (Officer Versus Enlisted) Hierarchy and Rank Enlisted Commissioned Officers Noncommissioned Officers Warrant Officers Military Cultural Norms Explicit Implicit Hypermasculinity Collectivism Hierarchy “The Fortress” Military Families Family Challenges and Stressors Strengths The Deployment Cycle Pre-Deployment Deployment Sustainment Redeployment Post-Deployment Difference in Deployments: Purposes, Duration Separation from the Military Voluntary Separation Retirement Involuntary Separation Systemic and Cultural Shifts Changes (and Resulting Challenges) in Combat Lifting “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” Transgender Service Members Military Sexual Trauma and Domestic Violence Suggestions for Counseling Cognitive Behavioral Approaches Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Neurofeedback Equine and Other Animal Therapies Summary References Part IV: Implications for Practice Chapter 20The Practice of Culturally Alert Counseling Case Vignette Overview of the Chapter Culturally Alert Intervention: An Inexact Art Culture and Counseling Methods: An Emerging Understanding Skills Theme One: Accessibility Accessibility by Being Approachable Accessibility by Adapting Language Accessibility by Showing Trustworthiness Skills Theme Two: Assessment Culturally Alert Observation of Clients Doing Culturally Oriented Questioning Practicing Culturally Sensitive Diagnosis Guide to the Culturally Alert Use of the DSM Using Tests in a Culturally Alert Fashion The Use of Tests Skills Theme Three: Counseling Interventions Intervention Strategy One: Challenging Internalized Oppressions Intervention Strategy Two: Adapting Common Counseling Approaches to Culture Intervention Strategy Three: Applying the Narrative Approach to Culture Summary References Index