German social democracy, 1905-1917: The Development of the Great Schism

Description

No political parties of present-day Germany are separated by a wider gulf than the two parties of labor, one democratic and reformist, the other totalitarian and socialist-revolutionary. Social Democrats and Communists today face each other as bitter political enemies across the front lines of the cold war; yet they share a common origin in the Social Democratic Party of Imperial Germany. How did they come to go separate ways? By what process did the old party break apart? How did the prewar party prepare the ground for the dissolution of the labor movement in World War I, and for the subsequent extension of Leninism into Germany? To answer these questions is the purpose of my study. The development of the schism within the body of the old party provides the theme of the work; the history of the late German Empire, its setting. I have attempted to illuminate the internal dynamic of the split in the light of the external political and economic pressures which forced it forward. The Reform Tactic Challenged, 1905-1907 Background: The Erfurt Synthesis and the Rise of Reformism Toward a Revolutionary Socialist Party The Forces of Reform: The Southern Wing The Forces of Reform: The Trade-Unions Bernstein's Revisionism Party Discipline and Revisionist Federalism The Impact of the Russian Revolution of 1905 The Intensification of Labor’s Economic Struggles Restlessness in the Radical Camp The Russian Revolution, the Mass Stride, and the Trade-Unions The Battle of Jena and the Radical Victory The Suffrage Crisis Mannheim: The Trade-Unions Stride Back The Radical Legacy of 1905 The Elections of 1907 and the “National Question” The Elections of 1907: The Victory of the "World-Political Idea." Disunity in Defeat The Status of the National Question before 1907 The Party Practitioners: Compromise with Nationalism? The International Congress: the National Question Begged The Consolidation of the Right, 1906-1909 The Extension of Trade-Union Influence The Fallow "Years The Destruction of a Symbol Curbing the Youth Movement The Pattern of Trade-Union Conquest and Its Significance The Radical Position in the Bloc Period: Kautsky's Road to Power Party Structure and Factional Power Toward a Uniform Party Structure The New Bureaucracy Regional Organizations: The New Centers of Power The Party Congress: Structure and Politics Two Tactics for Constitutional Reform, 1909-1910 The Break-Up of the Bulow Bloc: Reformist Possibilities The Reich Financial Crisis and the Dissolution of the Bulow Bloc A Coalition for Reform?: The Progressives and the National Liberals Social Democracy and the Financial Reform Reformist Opportunity and the Vacillation of the Radicals The Constitutional Crisis: The Swing to the Left and the Division of the Radicals The Tactic for Suffrage Reform The “Suffrage Storm“ and the Division of the Radicals The Revisionist Offensive and Radical Disunity Aftermath at Magdeburg: The Triple Split The Deepening Crisis and the Reconsolidation of the Radicals, 1911-1914 The Morocco Crisis and Party Reform The Morocco Crisis: Ballot Box versus Creed The Demand for the Reform of the Executive The New Executive The Deflection of Reform and the Radical Revolt The Political Significance of the Reform Movement The Electoral Alliance Of 1912 and the Left Radical Offensive The Electoral Alliance of 1912 Failure of the Reform Coalition: The National Liberals Move Rightward Imperialism and the “New Tactic.“ Wormwood and Gall The Sense of Sickness and the Reconsolidation of the Radicals Labor on the Defensive Internal Pressures on the Trade-Unions Against Imperialism or for Reform? The Doldrums What Is to Be Done? The Final Alignment: Reunion on the Left Toward the Independent Social Democratic Party The Breakdown War and Schism August Fourth The New Position of the Labor Leaders The New Discipline and the Re-Emergence of the Opposition The Division of the Opposition Leadership; the Annexation Question Economic Hardships and Political Persecution The Schism Consummated Conclusion: The Great Transformation Bibliographical Essay Index