Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling

Description

Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. 0 Front-Matter_2018_Mixed-Phase-Clouds Title Page Copyright_2018_Mixed-Phase-Clouds Copyright Contributors_2018_Mixed-Phase-Clouds Contributors Preface_2018_Mixed-Phase-Clouds Preface 1 Introduction Observations Modeling Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 2 Ice Nucleation in Mixed-Phase Clouds The Relevance of Ice Nucleation to Mixed-Phase Clouds Modes of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Ice Nucleation in the Atmosphere Ice Nucleation in Mixed-Phase Clouds Experimental Methods for Examining Ice Nucleation Wet Dispersion Methods Dry Dispersion Methods Nucleation Theory Homogeneous Ice Nucleation Classical Description of Homogenous Ice Nucleation Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Application of CNT to Heterogeneous Nucleation Single Component Stochastic Models Multiple Component Stochastic Models Singular Models The Framework for Reconciling Observable Stochastic Time-Dependence (FROST) Comparison and Summary of Models of Heterogeneous Nucleation Properties of Good Heterogeneous Ice Nucleators The Traditional View of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Size and Solubility of Heterogeneous INPs Lattice Matching Bonding of Water to INPs Active Sites and Topographical Effects What Nucleates Ice in Mixed-Phase Clouds? Field Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles Summary Acknowledgments References 3 Detection of Mixed-Phase Clouds From Shortwave and Thermal Infrared Satellite Observations Introduction Cloud Phase Determination From Passive Satellite Radiometers Determination of Liquid-Top Mixed-Phase (LTMP) Theoretical Basis Algorithm Description Construction of the Database Threshold Determination Algorithm Flow Application to Current Satellite Observations S-NPP VIIRS Case Study Himawari-8 AHI Case Study Discussion and Conclusion References 4 Microphysical Properties of Convectively Forced Mixed-Phase Clouds Convectively Forced Mixed-Phase Clouds Quantities Typically Measured Field Experiments In Situ Measurement Methods Bulk Instruments Single Particle Probes Imaging Probes Properties of Bulk Water Mass Liquid Water Content Ice Water Contents Particle Size Distributions Liquid Particle Concentrations Precipitation Particle Concentrations and Shapes Summary Acknowledgments References Further Reading 5 Characterization of Mixed-Phase Clouds: Contributions From the Field Campaigns and Ground Based Networks Introduction Observations Earlier Observations Types of Mixed-Phase Clouds Aircraft Icing Cloud Seeding Precipitation Forecast Climate Modeling Observations of Mixed-Phase Clouds During Field Campaigns Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment (BASE) The First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment Arctic Clouds Experiment (FI ... The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) Program The Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) The Arctic Study of Tropospheric Cloud, Aerosol and Radiation (ASTAR) The Polar Study Using Aircraft, Remote Sensing Surface Measurements and Models of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols and T ... The Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) Aircraft Icing Experiments Ground Based Programs Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) Cloudnet Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 6 Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Airborne In Situ Observations of Arctic Mixed-Phase Clouds Introduction Observations at Regional Scale from Satellite Airborne Experiments in the Arctic Region In Situ Characterization of MPC Properties Main Properties From Previous Experiments Case Study and Cloud-Radiation Interaction Satellite Remote Sensing Evaluation Conclusion Acknowledgments References 7 Simulations of Arctic Mixed-Phase Boundary Layer Clouds: Advances in Understanding and Outstanding Questions Introduction SHEBA Case Study Ice Crystal Number Concentration Budget Intercomparison Specification Intercomparison Results Additional Observational Constraints SHEBA Lessons ISDAC Case Study Intercomparison Specification Intercomparison Results Related Studies ISDAC Lessons M-PACE Case Study Case Study Specification Intercomparison Results Related Studies M-PACE Lessons Discussion Persistence and Strength of Ice Production Primary Ice Formation Secondary Ice Formation Ice Crystal Properties Climatology and Climate Sensitivity References 8 Subgrid Representation of Mixed-Phase Clouds in a General Circulation Model Introduction Historical Overview Theoretical Models of Mixed-Phase Clouds Closure Relations Comparison to LES Implementation as a Subgrid Scheme Conclusions References 9 Mixed-Phase Cloud Feedbacks Introduction The MPC Feedback in GCMs Observations of the MPC feedback Constraint of Mixed-Phase Properties in GCMs Summary Acknowledgments References 10 The Climatic Impact of Thermodynamic Phase Partitioning in Mixed-Phase Clouds Introduction Description of Simulations Results Surface Temperature Hydrological Cycle Climate Feedbacks Water Paths, Cloud Fraction, and Cloud Forcings Robustness of Results to Retuning Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 11 Author Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 12 Subject Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W