Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Concrete Sewers: Mechanisms, Measurements, Modelling and Control Strategies

Description

This book is a unique resource for professionals seeking a comprehensive understanding of microbiologically influenced corrosion in concrete sewers (MICC), which play a critical role in modern urban infrastructure. Corrosion can lead to structural collapse and significant financial losses due to the costly rehabilitation and replacement of damaged sewer systems. In the United States alone, sewer asset losses attributed to corrosion are estimated to reach $14 billion annually. The book provides a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding the physical, chemical, and biological processes that contribute to microbiologically influenced concrete corrosion. Readers will learn about corrosion rate measurement and characterization methods, controlling environmental factors, corrosion prediction models, and mitigation and control strategies. The book also covers the development of corrosion-resistant concrete. Written for civil engineers, environmental engineers, concrete technologists, and sewer operators and managers, this book is both informative and practical. It not only provides fundamental knowledge of the development of corrosion but also offers practical solutions that are economically and environmentally sustainable. By collating a range of corrosion analytics and control measures, this book is an essential reference for anyone seeking to prevent and manage concrete corrosion in sewer systems. Foreword Contents Contributors Corrosion Processes and Mechanisms Concrete Sewer Systems and Wastewater Processes Related to Concrete Corrosion 1 Introduction of Sewer Systems 2 In-Sewer Processes Leading to Concrete Corrosion 3 Concrete Corrosion in Sewers 3.1 Concrete Sewers 3.2 Concrete Corrosion 3.3 Rebar and Metal Corrosion 4 Summary References Mechanisms and Processes of Concrete Corrosion in Sewers 1 The Sulfur Cycle in Sewers 2 Chemically Induced Concrete Corrosion 2.1 The Impact of Corrosive Environment in Sewers 2.2 The Impact of Concrete Properties 3 Microbiologically Influenced Concrete Corrosion (MICC) 4 Summary References Corrosion Measurements Testing of Sulfide Uptake Rate (SUR) and Its Applications 1 Method Development 1.1 Characteristics of Key Corrosion Indicators 1.2 Detailed Procedures of SUR Measurement 1.3 Reliability of the SUR Test 2 Application in Corrosion Development Monitoring 2.1 Understanding Sulfide Uptake Activity by Concrete 2.2 Understanding Corrosion Activity Development 2.3 Understanding Key Factors Affecting Sulfide Uptake 3 Summary References Concrete Corrosion Characterization Using Advanced Microscopic and Spectroscopic Techniques 1 Optical Methods 1.1 Optical Evaluation and Light Microscopy 1.2 Surface pH Measurement and Imaging 2 Beam (Electron, X-Ray and Neutron) Techniques for Studying MICC 2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 2.2 Image Analysis and Mineral Liberation Analysis of SEM/EPMA Data 2.3 (Micro)-XRF 2.4 (Micro)-X-Ray Diffraction 2.5 Micro Computed Tomography 2.6 Neutron Imaging in Cement and Concrete Research 3 Spectroscopic Methods 3.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 3.3 Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy 4 Summary References Characterization of Corrosion Microbial Communities 1 Development and Conditions of Concrete Corrosion Layers 2 Detection Approaches for Identifying Corrosion Microbial Communities 3 Microbial Communities in Concrete Corrosion Layers 3.1 Neutrophilic Sulfur-Oxidizing Microorganisms in Corrosion Layers 3.2 Acidophilic Sulfur-Oxidizing Microorganisms in Corrosion Layers 4 Summary References A Systematic Laboratory Testing of Concrete Corrosion Resistance in Sewers 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Sample Preparation and Pre-Treatment 2.2 Corrosion Chamber Design and Operation 2.3 Testing Schedule and Analytical Parameters 2.4 Analytical Methods 2.5 Estimation of a Scaling Factor to Real Sewers 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Corrosion Chamber Conditions During the Test 3.2 Testing of Calucem Concrete Samples 4 Conclusions References Modelling of Concrete Sewer Corrosion Controlling Environmental Factors of Microbiologically Influenced Concrete Corrosion in Sewers 1 Introduction 2 Controlling Environmental Factors for the Initiation Stage of Concrete Sewer Corrosion 3 Controlling Environmental Factors for the Deterioration Stage of Concrete Sewer Corrosion 3.1 Gaseous Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration 3.2 Relative Humidity 3.3 Location in the Sewer System and Wastewater Inoculation 3.4 Temperature 4 Summary References Mathematical Modelling for the Concrete Corrosion of Sewer Systems 1 Introduction 2 Oxidation Kinetics of Hydrogen Sulfide in Sewer Environment 2.1 Oxidation Reactions and Products of Hydrogen Sulfide 2.2 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Sulfide Oxidation by Oxygen 2.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Release Rate from Wastewater 3 Empirical Models 4 Dynamic Process Models 5 Data-Driven Models 5.1 MLR Model 5.2 ANN Model 5.3 Gaussian Processes Regression (GPR) Model 5.4 Model Robustness with Partial Input Data 6 Summary References Corrosion Control Strategies Advances on Corrosion-Resistant Concrete for Sewers 1 Binder Materials 1.1 Sulfate Resistant Cement 1.2 Supplementary Cementitious Materials 1.3 Polymer Modified Cements 1.4 Sulfur Binder 2 Aggregates 2.1 Siliceous and Calcareous Aggregates 2.2 Crushed CAC Clinker as Aggregates 2.3 PET Aggregates 3 Additives 3.1 Antimicrobial Agents 4 Novel Corrosion-Resistant Bioconcrete 5 Summary References Corrosion Resistance of Calcium Aluminate Cements in Sewer Environments 1 CAC Classification and Uses 2 Durability of CAC Versus PC in (Bio) Corrosive Sewer Environments 2.1 Precipitation-Dissolution Reactions (and Alumina Gel) 2.2 H2S Affinity 2.3 Biofilm Affinity 2.4 CAC Clinker Aggregates 3 Summary References Alkali-Activated Materials for Sewers 1 AAM Classification and Synthesis 2 Application and Durability of AAM in Sewers 2.1 (Abiotic) Sulfuric Acid Environments 2.2 AAM Durability in Biochemically Aggressive Sewers 3 Summary References Surface Treatment for Corroding Concrete Sewers 1 Introduction 2 Surface Coating and Lining 3 Chemical Spraying 4 Surface Washing 5 Summary References