Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, 6th Edition

Description

Traditions & Encounters offers an inclusive vision of the global past―one that is meaningful and appropriate for the interdependent world of contemporary times. Given the diversity of human societies, gathering and organizing the sheer mass of information in a meaningful way is a daunting challenge for any world history survey course. The seven-part chronological organization enables students to understand the development of the world through time, while also exploring broader, big-picture thematic issues in world history. Through new and revised chapter-level and part-level features, the hallmark twin themes of traditions and encounters emerge in greater clarity than ever before in this sixth edition. As a result, students have resources that enable them to move beyond the facts of history and examine the past critically, analyze causes and effects, and recognize similarities and differences across world regions and time periods. By digging deeper into the implications of world history’s stories―not just the who, the what, and the where, but also the why and the how―students can make sense of the human past. Cover......Page 1 Publisher......Page 9 Brief Contents......Page 10 Part 1......Page 11 Part 2......Page 13 Part 3......Page 15 Part 4......Page 17 Part 5......Page 19 The Dynastic State......Page 21 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 23 Acknowledgments......Page 36 About The Authors......Page 35 Teaching Resources......Page 34 Highlights of the Sixth Edition......Page 33 Preface......Page 29 Connecting the Sources......Page 28 Source from the Past......Page 27 Maps......Page 26 PART 1: The Early Complex Society 3500 to 500 B.C.E.......Page 41 CHAPTER 1 Before History......Page 43 EYEWITNESS......Page 44 Hominids......Page 45 Homo sapiens......Page 46 Economy and, Society of Hunting and Gathering Peoples......Page 49 Paleolithic Culture......Page 51 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 53 The Origin of Agriculture......Page 54 Early Agricultural Society......Page 56 Neolithic Culture......Page 59 The Origins of Urban Life......Page 61 Chronology......Page 62 For Further Reading......Page 63 CHAPTER 2 Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations......Page 65 EYEWITNESS......Page 66 Mesopotamia: "The Land between the Rivers"......Page 67 The Course of Empire......Page 69 The Later Mesopotamian Empires......Page 71 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 72 Economic Specialization and Trade......Page 74 The Emergence of a Stratified Patriarchal Society......Page 75 The Development of Written Cultural Tradition......Page 77 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 78 Hebrews, lsraelites, and Jews......Page 79 The Phoenicians......Page 81 Indo-European Origins......Page 83 Indo-European Expansion and Its Effects......Page 84 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 86 Chronology......Page 87 For Further Reading......Page 88 CHAPTER 3 Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations......Page 89 EYEWITNESS......Page 90 Climatic Change and the Development of Agriculture in Africa......Page 91 Egypt and Nubia: "Gifts of the Nile"......Page 92 The Unification of Egypt......Page 93 Turmoil and Empire......Page 95 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 96 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 97 The Emergence of Cities and Stratified Societies......Page 98 Economic Specialization and Trade......Page 100 CONNETING THE SOURCES......Page 101 Early Writing in the Nile Valley......Page 105 The Development of Organized Religious Traditions......Page 106 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 107 BANTU MIGRATIONS AND EARLY AGRICULTURALSOCIETIES OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA......Page 108 The Dynamics of Bantu Expansion......Page 109 Early Agricultural Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 110 Chronology......Page 111 For Further Reading......Page 112 CHAPTER 4 Early Societies in Suth Asia......Page 113 EYEWITNESS......Page 114 Foundations of Harappan Society......Page 115 Harappan Society and Culture......Page 117 The Aryans and India......Page 119 Origins of the Caste System......Page 120 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 121 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 122 Aryan Religion......Page 123 The Blending of Aryan and Dravidian Values......Page 124 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 125 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 126 Chronology......Page 127 For Further Readings......Page 128 CHAPTER 5 Early Society in Mainland East Asia......Page 129 EYEWITNESS......Page 130 Early Agricultural Society and the Xia Dynasty......Page 131 The Shang Dynasty......Page 132 The Zhou Dynasty......Page 135 The Social Order......Page 137 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 139 Family and Patriarchy......Page 140 EARLY CHINESE WRITING AND CULTURALDEVELOPMENT......Page 141 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 142 Thought and Literature in Ancient China......Page 143 Chinese Cultivators and Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia......Page 144 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 145 Chronolgy......Page 146 For Further Readings......Page 147 CHAPTER 6 Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania......Page 149 EYEWITNESS......Page 150 EARLY SOCIETIES OF MESOAMERICA......Page 151 The Olmecs......Page 152 Heirs of the Olmecs: The Maya......Page 154 Maya Society and Religion......Page 155 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 157 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 158 Early Andean Society and the Chavfn Cult......Page 160 Early Andean States: Mochica......Page 161 EARLY SOCIETIES OF OCEANIA......Page 162 Early Societies in Australia and New Guinea......Page 163 The Peopling of the Pacific Islands......Page 164 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNT......Page 165 Chronology......Page 166 For Further Readings......Page 167 STATE OF THE WORLD......Page 169 Part 2: The Formation of Classical Societies, ca. 500 B.C.E. to ca. 500 C.E.......Page 171 CHAPTER 7 The Formation of Classical Societies, ca. 500 B.C.E. to ca. 500 C.E.......Page 173 EYEWITNESS......Page 174 The Achaemenid Empire......Page 175 Decline of the Achaemenid Empire......Page 178 The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid Empires......Page 180 IMPERIAL SOCIETY AND ECONOMY......Page 181 Social Development in Classical Persia......Page 182 Economic Foundations of Classical Persia......Page 184 Zarathustra and His Faith......Page 185 Religions of Salvation in a Cosmopolitan Society......Page 187 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 188 Chronology......Page 189 For Further Reading......Page 190 CHAPTER 8 The Unification of China......Page 191 EYEWITNESS......Page 192 Confucianism......Page 193 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 195 Daoism......Page 196 Legalism......Page 197 THE UNIFICATION OF CHINA......Page 198 The Qin Dynasty......Page 199 The Early Han Dynasty......Page 201 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 203 Productivity and Prosperity during the Early Han......Page 205 Economic and Social Difficulties......Page 206 CONNECTING THE SOURCES......Page 207 The Later Han Dynasty......Page 210 Chronology......Page 211 For Further Reading......Page 212 CHAPTER 9 State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India......Page 213 EYEWITNESS......Page 214 The Mauryan Dynasty and the Temporary Unification of India......Page 215 The Emergence of Regional Kingdoms and the Revival of Empire......Page 217 Towns and Trade......Page 219 Family Life and the Caste System......Page 220 Jainism and the Challenge to the Established Cultural Order......Page 222 Early Buddhism......Page 223 Mahayana Buddhism......Page 225 The Emergence of Popular Hinduism......Page 227 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 228 Chronology......Page 230 For Further Reading......Page 231 CHAPTER 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase......Page 233 EYEWITNESS......Page 234 Minoan and Mycenaean Societies......Page 235 The World of the Polis......Page 236 Greek Colonization......Page 239 Conflict with Persia......Page 240 The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire......Page 241 The Hellenistic Empires......Page 244 Trade and the Integration of the Mediterranean Basin......Page 246 Family and Society......Page 248 Rational Thought and Philosophy......Page 249 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 250 Popular Religion......Page 251 Hellenistic Philosophy and Religion......Page 252 Chronology......Page 253 For Further Reading......Page 254 CHAPTER 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase......Page 255 EYEWITNESS......Page 256 The Etruscans and Rome......Page 257 The Roman Republic and Its Constitution......Page 258 The Expansion of the Republic......Page 259 Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems......Page 260 The Foundation of Empire......Page 261 Continuing Expansion and Integration of the Empire......Page 263 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 264 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE ROMAN MEDITERRANEAN......Page 265 Trade and Urbanization......Page 266 Family and Society in Roman Times......Page 268 Greek Philosophy and Religions of Salvation......Page 270 Judaism and Early Christianity......Page 272 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 273 Chronology......Page 274 For Further Reading......Page 275 CHAPTER 12 Cross-Cultural Exchange on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era......Page 277 EYEWITNESS......Page 278 Trade Networks of the Hellenistic Era......Page 279 The Silk Roads......Page 280 The Spread of Buddhism and Hinduism......Page 284 The Spread of Christianity......Page 285 The Spread of Manichaeism......Page 287 The Spread of Epidemic Disease......Page 288 Internal Decay of the Han State......Page 289 Cultural Change in Post-Han China......Page 291 Internal Decay in the Roman Empire......Page 292 Germanic Invasions and the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire......Page 293 Cultural Change in the Late Roman Empire......Page 295 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 296 Chronology......Page 297 For Further Reading......Page 298 STATE OF THE WORLD......Page 299 Part 3: The Postclassical Era, 500 to 1000 C.E.......Page 301 CHAPTER 13 The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia......Page 303 EYEWITNESS......Page 304 The Sui Dynasty......Page 305 The Tang Dynasty......Page 306 The Song Dynasty......Page 308 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 309 Agricultural Development......Page 310 Technological and Industrial Development......Page 313 The Emergence of a Market Economy......Page 314 The Establishment of Buddhism......Page 316 REVERBERATIONS......Page 317 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 320 Korea and Vietnam......Page 321 Early Japan......Page 322 Medieval Japan......Page 324 Chronology......Page 325 For Further Reading......Page 326 CHAPTER 14 The Expansive Realm of Islam......Page 327 EYEWITNESS......Page 328 Muhammad and His Message......Page 329 Muhammad's Migration to Medina......Page 330 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 332 The Establishment of Islam in Arabia......Page 333 The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty......Page 334 The Abbasid Dynasty......Page 336 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY OF THE EARLY ISLAMIC WORLD......Page 337 New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth......Page 338 The Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone......Page 339 The Changing Status of Women......Page 341 ISLAMIC VALUES AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES......Page 342 The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition......Page 343 Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece......Page 344 CONNECTING THE SOURCES......Page 345 Chronology......Page 348 For Further Reading......Page 349 CHAPTER 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin......Page 351 EYEWITNESS......Page 352 The Quest for Centralized Imperial Rule......Page 353 The Introduction of Islam to Northern India......Page 354 The Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India......Page 356 PRODUCTION AND TRADE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN......Page 357 Trade and the Economic Development of Southern India......Page 358 Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin......Page 359 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 361 Caste and Society......Page 362 The Increasing Popularity of Hinduism......Page 363 Islam and Its Appeal......Page 365 The States of Southeast Asia......Page 366 THE INFLUENCE OF INDIAN SOCIETY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA......Page 16 The Arrival of Islam......Page 369 Chronology......Page 371 For Further Reading......Page 372 CHAPTER 16 The Two Worlds of Christendom......Page 373 EYEWITNESS......Page 374 THE QUEST FOR POLITICAL ORDER......Page 375 The Early Byzantine Empire......Page 376 Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Reviva......Page 378 The Rise of the Franks......Page 379 The Age of the Vikings......Page 381 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE......Page 383 The Two Economies of Early Medieval Europe......Page 384 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 385 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 386 Social Development in the Two Worlds of Christendom......Page 387 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 388 THE EVOLUTION OF CHRISTIAN SOCIETIES IN BYZANTIUM AND WESTERN EUROPE......Page 389 Popes and Patriarchs......Page 390 Monks and Missionaries......Page 391 REVERVERATIONS......Page 393 Chronology......Page 394 For Further Reading......Page 395 STATE OF THE WORLD......Page 397 Part 4: The Accerleration of Cross-Cultural Interaction, 1000 to 1500 C.E.......Page 399 CHAPTER 17 Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration......Page 401 EYEWITNESS......Page 402 Economy and Society of Nomadic Pastoralism......Page 403 SOURCE FROM THE PAST......Page 405 Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India......Page 406 Chinggis Khan and the Making of the Mongol Empire......Page 407 The Mongol Empires after Chinggis Khan......Page 410 The Mongols and Eurasian Integration......Page 413 Decline of the Mongols in Persia and C......Page 414 REVERBERATIONS......Page 415 Tamerlane and the Timurids......Page 417 The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire......Page 418 Chronology......Page 419 For Further Reading......Page 420 CHAPTER 18 States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 421 EYEWITNESS......Page 422 Agriculture and Population Growth......Page 423 Political Organization......Page 424 Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States inWest Africa......Page 425 Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa......Page 429 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 431 Social Classes......Page 432 African Religion......Page 435 The Arrival of Christianity and Islam......Page 436 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 438 Chronology......Page 439 For Further Reading......Page 440 CHAPTER 19 The Increasing Influence of Europe......Page 441 EYEWITNESS......Page 442 The Late Byzantine Empire......Page 443 The Holy Roman Empire......Page 444 Regional Monarchies in France and England......Page 446 Regional States in Italy and Iberia......Page 447 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 448 Growth of the Agricultural Economy......Page 449 The Revival of Towns and Trade......Page 450 Social Change......Page 451 SOURCES FROM THE PAST:......Page 452 Schools, Universities, and Scholastic The......Page 455 Popular Religion......Page 456 Reform Movements and Popular Heresies......Page 457 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 458 THE MEDIEVAL EXPANSION OF EUROPE......Page 459 The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain......Page 460 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 461 Chronology......Page 463 For Further Reading......Page 464 CHAPTER 20 Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania......Page 465 EYEWITNESS......Page 466 The Toltecs and the Mexica......Page 467 Mexica Society......Page 470 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 471 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 472 Peoples and Societies of North America......Page 473 The Coming of the Incas......Page 474 Inca Society and Religion......Page 477 The Nomadic Foragers of Australia......Page 478 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 480 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 482 Chronology......Page 483 For Further Reading......Page 484 CHAPTER 21 Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction......Page 485 EYEWITNESS......Page 486 Patterns of Long-Distance Trade......Page 487 Political and Diplomatic Travel......Page 490 Missionary Campaigns......Page 491 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 492 Long-Distance Travel and Cross-Cultural Exchanges......Page 493 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 494 Bubonic Plague......Page 495 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 497 Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty......Page 498 CONNECTING THE SOURCES......Page 499 Recovery in Europe: State Building......Page 500 Recovery in Europe: The Renaissance......Page 502 EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION......Page 504 The Chinese Reconnaissance of the Indian Ocean Basin......Page 505 European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans......Page 506 Chronology......Page 510 For Further Reading......Page 511 STATE OF THE WORLD......Page 513 Part 5: The Origin of Global Interdependence, 1500 to 1800......Page 515 CHAPTER 22 Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections......Page 517 EYEWITNESS......Page 518 Motives for Exploration......Page 519 The Technology of Exploration......Page 521 Voyages of Exploration: from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic......Page 522 Voyages of Exploration: from the Atlantic to the Pacific......Page 525 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 527 TRADE AND CONFLICT IN EARLY MODERN ASIA......Page 528 Trading-Post Empires......Page 529 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 531 European Conquests in Southeast Asia......Page 532 Foundations of the Russian Empire in Asia......Page 533 Commercial Rivalries and the Seven Years' War......Page 537 The Columbian Exchange......Page 538 REVERBERATIONS......Page 539 The Origins of Global Trade......Page 541 Chronology......Page 543 For Further Reading......Page 544 CHAPTER 23 The Transformation of Europe......Page 545 EYEWITNESS......Page 546 The Protestant Reformation......Page 547 Witch-Hunts and Religious Wars......Page 549 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 550 The Attempted Revival of Empire......Page 551 The New Monarchs......Page 553 Constitutional States......Page 554 Absolute Monarchies......Page 556 The European States System......Page 558 Population Growth and Urbanization......Page 560 Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization......Page 561 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 563 Social Change in Early Modern Europe......Page 564 TRANSFORMATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC THINKING......Page 565 The Scientific Revolution......Page 566 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 568 Women and Science......Page 569 Chronology......Page 570 For Further Reading......Page 571 CHAPTER 24 New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania......Page 573 EYEWITNESS......Page 574 The Spanish Caribbean......Page 575 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 577 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 578 Iberian Empires in the Americas......Page 580 Settler Colonies in North America......Page 582 Mestizo Society......Page 584 The Formation of Multicultural Societies......Page 20 Mining and Agriculture in the Spanish Empire......Page 585 Sugar and Slavery in Portuguese Brazil......Page 588 Fur Traders and Settlers in North America......Page 589 Christianity and Native Religions in the Americas......Page 591 EUROPEANS IN THE PACIFIC......Page 592 Australia and the Larger World......Page 593 The Pacific Islands and the Larger World......Page 594 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 595 Chronology......Page 596 For Further Reading......Page 597 CHAPTER 25 Africa and The Atlantic World......Page 599 EYEWITNESS......Page 600 The States of West Africa and East Africa......Page 601 The Kingdoms of Central Africa and South Africa......Page 603 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 605 Islam and Christianity in Early Modern Africa......Page 606 Social Change in Early Modern Africa......Page 607 Foundations of the Slave Trade......Page 608 Human Cargoes......Page 610 The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa......Page 611 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 612 CONNECTING THE SOURCES......Page 613 Plantation Societies......Page 616 The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions......Page 618 The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery......Page 619 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 620 Chronology......Page 621 For Further Reading......Page 622 CHAPTER 26 Tradition and Change in East Asia......Page 623 EYEWITNESS......Page 624 The Ming Dynasty......Page 625 The Qing Dynasty......Page 627 The Son of Heaven and the Scholar-Bureaucrats......Page 629 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGES......Page 630 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 631 Population Growth and Economic Development......Page 632 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 634 Gentry, Commoners, Soldiers, and Mean People......Page 635 Neo-Confucianism and Pulp Fiction......Page 636 The Return of Christianity to China......Page 637 THE UNIFICATION OF JAPAN......Page 638 Economic and Social Change......Page 640 Neo-Confucianism and Floating Worlds......Page 641 Christianity and Dutch Learning......Page 643 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 644 Chronology......Page 645 For Further Reading......Page 646 CHAPTER 27 The Islamic Empires......Page 647 EYEWITNESS......Page 648 The Ottoman Empire......Page 649 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 651 The Safavid Empire......Page 652 The Mughal Empire......Page 653 IMPERIAL ISLAMIC SOCIETY......Page 655 Agriculture and Trade......Page 657 Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires......Page 659 Cultural Patronage of the Islamic Emperors......Page 660 THE EMPIRES IN TRANSITION......Page 662 The Deterioration of Imperial Leadership......Page 663 Cultural Conservatism......Page 664 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 665 Chronology......Page 666 For Further Reading......Page 667 STATE OF THE WORLD......Page 669 Part 6: An Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire, 1750 to 1914......Page 671 CHAPTER 28 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World......Page 673 EYEWITNESS......Page 674 POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AND POLITICALUPHEAVAL......Page 675 The Enlightenment and Revolutionary Ideas......Page 676 Popular Sovereignty......Page 677 The American Revolution......Page 678 The French Revolution......Page 681 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 683 The Reign of Napoleon......Page 685 The Haitian Revolution......Page 686 Wars of Independence in Latin America......Page 688 Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery......Page 692 Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Women's Rights......Page 693 THE CONSOLIDATION OF NATIONAL STATES INEUROPE......Page 695 Nations and Nationalism......Page 696 The Emergence of National Communities......Page 697 The Unifications of Italy and Germany......Page 699 Chronology......Page 703 For Further Reading......Page 704 CHAPTER 29 The Making of Iudustrial Society......Page 705 EYEWITNESS......Page 706 Foundations of Industrialization......Page 707 The Factory System......Page 710 The Early Spread of Industrialization......Page 711 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 712 Industrial Capitalism......Page 713 Industrial Demographics......Page 716 Urbanization and Migration......Page 718 Industry and Society......Page 719 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 721 The Socialist Challenge......Page 722 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 725 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 726 Chronology......Page 729 For Further Reading......Page 730 CHAPTER 30 The Americas in the Age of Independence......Page 731 EYEWITNESS......Page 732 The United States: Westward Expansion and Civil War......Page 733 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 734 The Canadian Dominion: Independence without War......Page 738 Latin America: Fragmentation and PoliticalExperimentation......Page 740 Migration to the America......Page 744 Economic Expansion in the United States......Page 745 Canadian Prosperity......Page 747 Latin American Investments......Page 748 AMERICAN CULTURAL AND SOCIALDIVERSITY......Page 749 Societies in the United States......Page 750 Canadian Cultural Contrasts......Page 752 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 753 Ethnicity, Identity, and Gender in Latin America......Page 754 Chronology......Page 756 For Further Reading......Page 757 CHAPTER 31 Societies at Crossroads......Page 759 EYEWITNESS......Page 760 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN DECLINE......Page 761 The Nature of Decline......Page 762 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 764 The Young Turk Era......Page 765 Military Defeat and Social Reform......Page 766 Industrialization......Page 768 Repression and Revolution......Page 769 The Opium War and the Unequal Treaties......Page 771 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 773 The Taiping Rebellion......Page 775 Reform Frustrated......Page 776 From Tokugawa to Meiji......Page 778 Meiji Reforms......Page 779 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 780 Chronology......Page 782 For Further Reading......Page 783 CHAPTER 32 The Building of Global Empires......Page 785 EYEWITNESS......Page 786 Motives of Imperialism......Page 787 Imperial Medical Technologies......Page 789 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 791 U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific......Page 792 Imperialism in Central Asia and Southeast Asia......Page 794 The Scramble for Africa......Page 796 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 799 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 800 Imperial Japan......Page 803 Empire and Economy......Page 804 Labor Migrations......Page 805 Empire and Society......Page 807 Nationalism and Anticolonial Movements......Page 808 CONNECTING THE SOURCES......Page 809 Chronology......Page 812 For Further Reading......Page 813 STATE OF THE WORLD: The World Turned Upside Down......Page 815 Part 7: Contemportary Global Realisgnments, 1914 to the Present......Page 817 CHAPTER 33 The Great War: The World in Upheaval......Page 819 EYEWITNESS......Page 820 Nationalist Aspirations......Page 821 National Rivalries......Page 822 Understandings and Alliances......Page 823 GLOBAL WAR......Page 824 Mutual Butchery......Page 825 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 826 REVERBERATIONS......Page 829 Total War......Page 830 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 832 Battles in Africa and Southwest Asia......Page 833 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 834 Revolution in Russia......Page 835 U.S. Intervention and Collapse of the Central Powers......Page 837 After the War......Page 839 Challenges to European Preeminence......Page 844 Chronology......Page 846 For Further Reading......Page 847 CHAPTER 34 An Age of Anxiety......Page 849 EYEWITNESS......Page 850 Postwar Pessimism......Page 852 New Visions in Physics, Psychology, and Art......Page 853 The Great Depression......Page 855 Despair and Government Action......Page 857 Economic Experimentation......Page 858 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 859 Communism in Russia......Page 860 The Fascist Alternative......Page 862 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 863 Italian Fascism......Page 864 German National Socialism......Page 865 Chronology......Page 868 For Further Reading......Page 869 CHAPTER 35 Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America......Page 871 EYEWITNESS......Page 872 India's Quest for Home Rule......Page 873 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 875 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 876 Imperial and Imperialist Japan......Page 878 AFRICA UNDER COLONIAL DOMINATION......Page 879 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 880 The Colonial Economy......Page 881 African Nationalism......Page 882 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 883 LATIN AMERICAN STRUGGLES WITHNEOCOLONIALISM......Page 884 The Impact of the Great War and the Great Depression......Page 885 The Evolution of Economic Imperialism......Page 886 Conflicts with a "Good Neighbor"......Page 887 Chronology......Page 891 For Further Reading......Page 892 CHAPTER 36 New Conflagration: World War II and the Cold War......Page 893 EYEWITNESS......Page 894 Japan's War in China......Page 895 Italian and German Aggression......Page 897 Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe......Page 899 The German Invasion of the Soviet Union......Page 900 Battles in Asia and the Pacific......Page 901 Defeat of the Axis Powers......Page 903 Occupation, Collaboration, and Resistance......Page 906 The Holocaust......Page 908 Women and the War......Page 910 CONNECTING THE SOURCES......Page 911 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 913 Origins of the Cold War......Page 914 The Globalization of the Cold War......Page 917 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 920 Dissent, Intervention, and Rapprochement......Page 921 Chronology......Page 922 For Further Reading......Page 923 CHAPTER 37 The End of Empire......Page 925 EYEWITNESS......Page 926 India's Partitioned Independence......Page 928 Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam......Page 929 Arab National States and the Problem of Palestine......Page 931 DECOLONIZATION IN AFRICA......Page 933 Forcing the French out of North Africa......Page 934 Black African Nationalism and Independence......Page 935 Freedom and Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 936 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 937 Communism and Democracy in Asia......Page 939 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 942 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 943 Colonial Legacies in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 944 Politics and Economics in Latin America......Page 945 Chronology......Page 947 For Further Reading......Page 948 CHAPTER 38 A World without Borders......Page 949 EYEWITNESS......Page 950 THE END OF THE COLD WAR......Page 951 Revolutions in Eastern and Central Europe......Page 952 The Collapse of the Soviet Union......Page 953 Economic Globalization......Page 955 Economic Growth in Asia......Page 956 Trading Blocs......Page 958 CROSS-CULTURAL EXCHANGES AND GLOBALCOMMUNICATIONS......Page 959 SOURCES FROM THE PAST......Page 960 STATE OF THE WORLD......Page 25 THINKING ABOUT ENCOUNTERS......Page 961 The Age of Access......Page 962 Population Pressures and Climate Change......Page 963 Economic Inequities and Labor Servitude......Page 966 Global Diseases......Page 967 Global Terrorism......Page 968 Coping with Global Problems: International Organizations......Page 971 Women's Traditions and Feminist Challenges......Page 973 THINKING ABOUT TRADITIONS......Page 975 Migration......Page 977 Chronology......Page 980 Study Terms......Page 981 For Further Reading......Page 983 Glossary......Page 986 Credits......Page 997 Index......Page 1001