Bad Call: Technology's Attack on Referees and Umpires and How to Fix It

Description

Good call or bad call, referees and umpires have always had the final say in sports. Bad calls are more visible: plays are televised backward and forward and in slow motion. New technologies―the Hawk-Eye system used in tennis and cricket, for example, and the goal-line technology used in English football―introduced to correct bad calls sometimes get it right and sometimes get it wrong, but always undermine the authority of referees and umpires. Bad Call looks at the technologies used to make refereeing decisions in sports, analyzes them in action, and explains the consequences. Used well, technologies can help referees reach the right decision and deliver justice for fans: a fair match in which the best team wins. Used poorly, however, decision-making technologies pass off statements of probability as perfect accuracy and perpetuate a mythology of infallibility. The authors re-analyze three seasons of play in English Premier League football, and discover that goal line technology was irrelevant; so many crucial wrong decisions were made that different teams should have won the Premiership, advanced to the Champions League, and been relegated. Simple video replay could have prevented most of these bad calls. (Major League baseball learned this lesson, introducing expanded replay after a bad call cost Detroit Tigers pitcher Armando Galarraga a perfect game.) What matters in sports is not computer-generated projections of ball position but what is seen by the human eye―reconciling what the sports fan sees and what the game official sees. Contents Introduction 1 Justice and Decision Making in Sports 2 Sports Technologies Classified by Their Complexity 3 Track Estimators and Cricket 4 Track Estimators and Tennis 5 The Impact of Track Estimators 6 How the Premier League Might Have Turned Out with TV Replays 7 Changing the Way Refereeing Decisions Are Made in Football Conclusion Afterword Bonus Extra: The Strange Sport of Cricket Appendix 1: A Somewhat Surprising Description of How Hawk-EyeWorks Appendix 2: An Early Technical Description of Hawk-Eye Appendix 3: Description of the 335 Football Refereeing Mistakes Listed in Table 7.1 Appendix 4: Some Sources Relating to Sports and to Science and Technology Studies Notes References Index