CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment Neurology

Description

Practical, up-to-date strategies for assessing and managing the neurologic conditions most frequently seen in adults and children • Introductory chapters address specific symptoms and diagnostic procedures; subsequent chapters are disease specific and adhere to a standard format, beginning with Essentials of Diagnosis, followed by Clinical Findings, Differential Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis• Coverage of disorders in both adults and children• Thorough coverage of diagnostic tests and the very latest pharmacologic treatments• Practical information on common conditions such as headaches, movement disorders, and central nervous system infections• Valuable to anyone who sees patients with neurologic complaints, whether in primary care or the neurology clinic• Expert help with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, epilepsy, sleeping disorders, dizziness, hearing loss, dementia and memory loss, and more• Each chapter written by experts in that area, without losing readability or coherence Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 Contents......Page 4 Authors......Page 10 Preface......Page 14 Findings......Page 16 Continuous EEG Monitoring......Page 18 Nerve Conduction Studies......Page 19 Needle Electromyography......Page 23 Single-Fiber Electromyography......Page 26 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials......Page 27 Computed Tomography......Page 29 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 32 Myelography & Postmyelography Computed Tomography......Page 39 Catheter Angiography......Page 41 Ultrasonography......Page 42 Nuclear Medicine......Page 44 Clinical Findings......Page 46 Differential Diagnosis......Page 48 Aphasia......Page 52 Apraxia......Page 54 Agnosia......Page 55 Hearing Loss......Page 56 Tinnitus......Page 58 Dizziness......Page 59 Seizure Types......Page 65 Epilepsy Syndromes......Page 70 Clinical Findings......Page 72 Differential Diagnosis......Page 74 Treatment......Page 75 Prognosis......Page 80 Migraine......Page 81 Tension-Type Headache......Page 87 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias......Page 88 New Daily Persistent Headache......Page 90 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 91 Giant Cell Arteritis......Page 92 Cold Stimulus Headache......Page 93 Trigeminal Neuralgia......Page 94 Red Ear Syndrome......Page 95 Nummular Headache......Page 96 Alzheimer Disease......Page 97 Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 104 Vascular Cognitive Impairment......Page 105 Frontotemporal Dementias......Page 107 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy......Page 110 Corticobasal Degeneration......Page 112 Parkinson Disease Dementia......Page 114 Dementia with Lewy Bodies......Page 116 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus......Page 118 Transient Global Amnesia......Page 120 Huntington Disease......Page 122 Pathogenesis......Page 124 Clinical Findings......Page 125 Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment......Page 128 Prevention......Page 132 Prognosis & Rehabilitation......Page 134 Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage......Page 135 Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 146 Infected (Mycotic) Aneurysms......Page 154 Arteriovenous Malformations......Page 155 Cavernous Malformations......Page 156 Developmental Venous Anomalies......Page 157 Capillary Telangiectasias......Page 158 Primary Brain Tumors......Page 159 Metastatic Tumors......Page 171 Tumors of the Skull......Page 173 Spinal Cord Tumors......Page 174 13. Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes......Page 176 Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration......Page 179 Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis and Encephalitis......Page 180 Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-Myoclonus......Page 182 Paraneoplastic Motor Neuron Disease......Page 184 Stiff Person Syndrome......Page 185 Paraneoplastic Visual Syndromes......Page 186 Paraneoplastic Peripheral Neuropathy......Page 187 Paraneoplastic Syndromes of the Neuromuscular Junction......Page 188 Acknowledgments......Page 189 Head Trauma......Page 190 Spinal Trauma......Page 207 Parkinsonism & Parkinson Disease......Page 214 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy......Page 222 Corticobasal Degeneration......Page 223 Essential Tremor......Page 224 Dystonia......Page 226 Myoclonus......Page 232 Tourette Syndrome & Tic Disorders......Page 234 Tardive Dyskinesia & Other Drug-Related Movement Disorders......Page 237 Acute Syndromes Caused by Neuroleptics......Page 238 Tardive Syndromes......Page 239 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome......Page 241 Restless Legs Syndrome......Page 242 Approach to the Ataxic Patient......Page 244 Cerebellar Ischemic Stroke Syndromes......Page 247 Toxins & Nutritional Deficiencies......Page 248 Ataxia Associated with Inflammatory & Autoimmune Disease......Page 249 Ataxia of Paraneoplastic Origin......Page 250 Multiple System Atrophy (Type C)......Page 251 Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxias......Page 252 Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias......Page 257 Cerebellar Ataxia in Mitochondrial Disorders......Page 261 X-Linked Ataxias: Fragile X–Associated Tremor & Ataxia Syndrome......Page 263 Multiple Sclerosis......Page 265 Acute Transverse Myelitis......Page 286 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder......Page 288 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis......Page 290 Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy......Page 291 Spinal Cord Syndromes......Page 293 Myelitis......Page 295 Spinal Epidural Abscess......Page 296 Syringomyelia......Page 298 Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Shunts......Page 299 Spinal Cord Infarction......Page 300 Spinal Epidural & Subdural Hematomas......Page 301 Radiculopathy......Page 302 Lumbar Stenosis......Page 307 Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy......Page 308 Bowel Dysfunction......Page 309 Autonomic Dysfunction......Page 310 Deep Vein Thrombosis......Page 311 19. Peripheral Neuropathies......Page 312 Cranial Nerve Disorders......Page 314 Upper Extremity Nerves......Page 321 Lower Extremity Nerves......Page 327 Multiple Mononeuropathy Syndromes......Page 332 Autoimmune Neuropathies......Page 333 Infectious Polyneuropathy......Page 340 Toxic & Metabolic Neuropathies......Page 343 Neuropathies Associated with Systemic Disease......Page 345 Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathies......Page 349 20. Motor Neuron Diseases......Page 355 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 359 Monomelic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 364 Primary Lateral Sclerosis......Page 365 Dysautonomia......Page 367 Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension......Page 369 Neurodegenerative Disorders & Parkinsonian Syndromes......Page 370 Acute & Subacute Autonomic Neuropathies......Page 371 Chronic Autonomic Neuropathies......Page 373 Orthostatic Intolerance & Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome......Page 375 Sudomotor (Sweating) Disorders......Page 376 Autonomic Symptoms in Spinal Cord Injury......Page 377 Myasthenia Gravis (Autoimmune Myasthenia)......Page 378 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome......Page 386 Botulism......Page 388 Tick Paralysis......Page 389 Myopathy......Page 390 Inflammatory Myopathies......Page 392 Infectious Myopathies......Page 397 Corticosteroid Myopathy......Page 399 Cholesterol-Lowering Agent Myopathy......Page 400 Alcoholic Myopathy......Page 401 Hypophosphatemic Myopathy......Page 402 Hyperthyroid Myopathy......Page 403 Primary Metabolic Myopathies......Page 404 Channelopathies......Page 406 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy......Page 407 Becker Muscular Dystrophy......Page 409 Myotonic Dystrophy......Page 410 Fascioscapulohumeral Dystrophy......Page 411 Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy......Page 412 Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy......Page 413 24. Mitochondrial Diseases......Page 414 Kearns-Sayre Syndrome & Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia......Page 415 Melas Syndrome......Page 417 Narp Syndrome & Maternally Inherited Leigh Syndrome......Page 418 Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy......Page 419 Nuclear DNA Mutations......Page 420 Aminoglycoside-Induced Deafness......Page 421 Increased Intracranial Pressure......Page 423 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy After Cardiac Arrest......Page 427 Neuromuscular Weakness in Critical Illness......Page 429 Bacterial Meningitis......Page 431 Brain Abscess......Page 439 Subdural Empyema......Page 443 Epidural Abscess......Page 444 Intracranial Suppurative Thrombophlebitis......Page 447 Malignant Otitis Externa & Otitis Media......Page 449 Chronic & Recurrent Meningitis......Page 450 Central Nervous System Tuberculosis......Page 453 Tetanus......Page 458 Fungal Infections......Page 459 Syphilis......Page 463 Leptospirosis......Page 466 Lyme Disease (Neuroborreliosis)......Page 467 Rickettsial & Other Arthropod-Borne Infections......Page 469 Protozoal Infections......Page 472 Helminthic Infections......Page 479 Acute Viral Encephalitis......Page 485 Viral Meningitis......Page 490 Viral Central Nervous System Vasculopathies......Page 491 Acute Viral Myelitis......Page 492 Radiculitis & Ganglionitis......Page 494 Chronic Viral Infections......Page 495 Emerging and Reemerging Viral Neurotropic Infections......Page 497 Cryptococcal Meningitis......Page 499 Toxoplasmosis of the Central Nervous System......Page 501 Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma......Page 503 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy......Page 504 HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder......Page 505 HIV-Associated Myelopathy......Page 507 Varicella-Zoster Vasculitis......Page 508 Cytomegalovirus Polyradiculopathy......Page 509 Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy......Page 511 Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy......Page 512 HIV-Associated Myopathy......Page 513 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome......Page 514 Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease......Page 516 Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease......Page 518 Kuru......Page 519 Treatment of Prion Diseases......Page 520 Obstructive Hydrocephalus......Page 521 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension......Page 523 Sleep Testing......Page 526 Insomnia......Page 527 Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia......Page 529 Parasomnias......Page 530 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders......Page 532 Circadian Rhythm Disorders......Page 533 Nutritional Deficiencies......Page 535 Electrolyte Disorders......Page 536 Hyperglycemia & Hypoglycemia......Page 537 Hypertensive Encephalopathy & Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome......Page 538 Cardiac Disease......Page 539 Liver Disease......Page 540 Renal Disease......Page 541 Endocrine Disorders......Page 542 Hematologic Disorders......Page 544 Bone & Joint Disorders......Page 545 Neurosarcoidosis......Page 546 Vasculitis & Connective Tissue Disorders......Page 547 Disordered Temperature Regulation......Page 549 Medication-Induced Neurologic Effects......Page 550 Biologic Neurotoxins......Page 554 Neurotoxicity Caused by Heavy Metals & Industrial Compounds......Page 556 Ethanol Intoxication......Page 559 Ethanol Dependence & Withdrawal......Page 560 Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome......Page 561 Other Neurologic Complications of Alcoholism......Page 562 Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism......Page 563 Drugs of Dependence......Page 566 Medical & Neurologic Complications of Abused Substances......Page 570 Approach to the Psychiatric Patient......Page 573 Manic-Depressive Illnesses......Page 574 Schizophrenia......Page 577 Chronic Anxiety......Page 578 Panic Attacks......Page 579 Personality Disorders......Page 580 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy......Page 581 Intraventricular Hemorrhage......Page 582 Neonatal Strokes......Page 583 Mental Retardation......Page 584 Cerebral Palsy......Page 586 Autistic Disorder & Pervasive Developmental Disorder......Page 587 Learning Disabilities......Page 588 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 589 Chromosomal Disorders......Page 592 Inborn Errors of Metabolism......Page 593 Neurofibromatosis Type 1......Page 596 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex......Page 598 Ataxia-Telangiectasia......Page 599 A......Page 600 B......Page 602 C......Page 603 D......Page 605 E......Page 607 G......Page 608 H......Page 609 I......Page 610 J......Page 611 M......Page 612 N......Page 615 P......Page 616 R......Page 618 S......Page 619 T......Page 621 V......Page 622 Z......Page 623