Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities

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Editors: Thomas Elmqvist, Michail Fragkias, Julie Goodness, Burak Güneralp, Peter J. Marcotullio, Robert I. McDonald, Susan Parnell, Maria Schewenius, Marte Sendstad, Karen C. Seto. Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London, 2013. - 771 с.ISBN 978-94-007-7087-4We have entered the Anthropocene – an era when humans are a dominant geological force – and at the same time we have entered an Urban Age. Over half of humanity now lives in towns and cities, and by 2030 that fraction will have increased to 60 %. In other words, in slightly over two decades, from 2010 to 2030, another one and an half billion people will be added to the population of cities.Creating healthy, habitable, urban living spaces for so many more people will be one of the defi ning challenges of our time. And the quality of city environments – both their built and natural components – will determine the quality of life for an estimated total of fi ve billion existing and new urban dwellers by 2030.Much of what gets written about the challenges of urbanization tends to be about built city infrastructure and its organization and governance: about transportation systems, housing, water works, sanitation, slums – the hardware of cities. Less is written about the software of cities as centers of creativity and lifestyle, of culture and learning institutions that enable the creation of pools of human capital, which gather critical mass and become drivers of innovation and prosperity. And even less is written about the ecological infrastructure of cities: parks, gardens, open spaces, water catchment areas, and generally their ecosystems and biodiversity. This book Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities and the Cities and Biodiversity Outlook project (CBO) addresses that gap admirably. It brings out clearly the importance of nature for cities, making a convincing case for internalizing ecosystem services in urban policy making.The book not only quantifi es but also lays out the complex linkages between ecosystem services and urbanization, giving us detailed case studies of cities that have used an ecosystem services approach, either explicitly or implicitly, in urban planning in order to address the many challenges that urbanization poses.ForewordPrefaceKaren C. Seto, Susan Parnell, and Thomas Elmqvist A Global Outlook on UrbanizationThomas Elmqvist, Charles L. Redman, Stephan Barthel, and Robert Costanza History of Urbanization and the Missing EcologyRobert I. McDonald, Peter J. Marcotullio, and Burak Güneralp Urbanization and Global Trends in Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesKaren C. Seto Regional Assessment of AsiaBurak Güneralp and Karen C. Seto Sub-regional Assessment of China: Urbanization in Biodiversity HotspotsHarini Nagendra, H.S. Sudhira, Madhusudan Katti, and Maria Schewenius Sub-regional Assessment of India: Effects of Urbanization on Land Use, Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesH.S. Sudhira and Harini Nagendra Local Assessment of Bangalore: Graying and Greening in Bangalore – Impacts of Urbanization on Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services and BiodiversityRyo Kohsaka, Wanyu Shih, Osamu Saito, and Satoru Sadohara Local Assessment of Tokyo: Satoyama and Satoumi – Traditional Landscapes and Management Practices in a Contemporary Urban EnvironmentWenliang Liu, Xiaohua Chen, and Qiang Wang Local Assessment of Shanghai: Effects of Urbanization on the Diversity of Macrobenthic InvertebratesNorbert Müller, Maria Ignatieva, Charles H. Nilon, Peter Werner, and Wayne C. Zipperer Patterns and Trends in Urban Biodiversity and Landscape DesignErik Gómez-Baggethun, Åsa Gren, David N. Barton, Johannes Langemeyer, Timon McPhearson, Patrick O’Farrell, Erik Andersson, Zoé Hamstead, and Peleg Kremer Urban Ecosystem ServicesDagmar Haase Shrinking Cities, Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesJakub Kronenberg, Azime Tezer, Dagmar Haase, and Johan Colding Regional Assessment of EuropeTimon McPhearson, Roger Auch, and Marina Alberti Regional Assessment of North America: Urbanization Trends, Biodiversity Patterns, and Ecosystem ServicesRobert Dyball, Christopher D. Ives, and Ian White Regional Assessment of OceaniaBurak Güneralp, Azime Tezer, and İlke Albayrak Local Assessment of İstanbul: Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesJohan Colding Local Assessment of Stockholm: Revisiting the Stockholm Urban AssessmentLiam Heneghan, Christopher Mulvaney, Kristen Ross, Susan Stewart, Lauren Umek, Cristy Watkins, Alaka Wali, Lynne M. Westphal, and David H. Wise Local Assessment of Chicago: From Wild Chicago to Chicago Wilderness – Chicago’s Ecological Setting and Recent Efforts to Protect and Restore Nature in the RegionTimon McPhearson, David Maddox, Bram Gunther and David Bragdon Local Assessment of New York City: Biodiversity, Green Space, and Ecosystem ServicesChristopher D. Ives, Ruth Beilin, Ascelin Gordon, Dave Kendal, Amy K. Hahs, and Mark J. McDonnell Local Assessment of Melbourne: The Biodiversity and Social-Ecological Dynamics of Melbourne, AustraliaMichail Fragkias, Burak Güneralp, Karen C. Seto, and Julie Goodness A Synthesis of Global Urbanization ProjectionsBurak Güneralp, Robert I. McDonald, Michail Fragkias, Julie Goodness, Peter J. Marcotullio, and Karen C. Seto Urbanization Forecasts, Effects on Land Use, Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesPippin M.L. Anderson, Chukwumerije Okereke, Andrew Rudd, and Susan Parnell Regional Assessment of AfricaJulie Goodness and Pippin M.L. Anderson Local Assessment of Cape Town: Navigating the Management Complexities of Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Services in the Cape Floristic RegionWilliam Solecki and Peter J. Marcotullio Climate Change and Urban Biodiversity VulnerabilityLisa Deutsch, Robert Dyball, and Will Steffen Feeding Cities: Food Security and Ecosystem Support in an Urbanizing WorldCathy Wilkinson, Marte Sendstad, Susan Parnell, and Maria Schewenius Urban Governance of Biodiversity and Ecosystem ServicesAníbal Pauchard and Olga Barbosa Regional Assessment of Latin America: Rapid Urban Development and Social Economic Inequity Threaten Biodiversity HotspotsCecilia P. Herzog and Ricardo Finotti Local Assessment of Rio de Janeiro City: Two Case Studies of Urbanization Trends and Ecological ImpactsMarianne E. Krasny, Cecilia Lundholm, Soul Shava,Eunju Lee, and Hiromi Kobori Urban Landscapes as Learning Arenas for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ManagementSteven N. Handel, Osamu Saito, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi Restoration Ecology in an Urbanizing WorldRyo Kohsaka, Henrique M. Pereira, Thomas Elmqvist, Lena Chan, Raquel Moreno-Peñaranda, Yukihiro Morimoto, Takashi Inoue, Mari Iwata, Maiko Nishi, Maria da Luz Mathias, Carlos Souto Cruz, Mariana Cabral, Minna Brunfeldt, Anni Parkkinen, Jari Niemelä, Yashada Kulkarni-Kawli, and Grant Pearsell Indicators for Management of Urban Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: City Biodiversity IndexThomas Elmqvist, Michail Fragkias, Julie Goodness, Burak Güneralp, Peter J. Marcotullio, Robert I. McDonald, Susan Parnell, Maria Schewenius, Marte Sendstad, Karen C. Seto, Cathy Wilkinson, Marina Alberti, Carl Folke, Niki Frantzeskaki, Dagmar Haase, Madhusudan Katti, Harini Nagendra, Jari Niemelä, Steward T.A. Pickett, Charles L. Redman, and Keith Tidball Stewardship of the Biosphere in the Urban EraCBO Inter-Agency Task-Force and Advisory Committee MembersGlossary