Human Factors in Simulation and Training: Theory and Methods_Team-IRA

Description

Human Factors in Simulation and Training: Theory and Methods covers theoretical concepts on human factors principles as they apply to the fields of simulation and training in the real world. This book discusses traditional and nontraditional aspects of simulation and training. Topics covered include simulation fidelity, transfer of training, limits of simulation and training, virtual reality in the training environment, simulation-based situation awareness training, automated performance measures, performance assessment in simulation, adaptive simulation-based training, and scoring simulations with artificial intelligence This book will be a valuable resource for professionals and graduate students in the fields of ergonomics, human factors, computer engineering, aerospace engineering and occupational health and safety. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Human Factors in Simulation and Training: An Overview Introduction Simulation: The Perfect Storm Human Factors in Simulation and Training: A Brief History Why Simulate? Simulation versus Modeling The Modeling and Simulation Process: Verification, Validation, and Accreditation Advantages and Disadvantages of Simulation Advantages Cost-Effectiveness Availability Safety Surrogate Value Reduced Environmental Impact Improved Training Environment Standardized Training Environments Provide Data Lack of Realism Disadvantages of Simulation Does Not Necessarily Reflect Real-World Performance Surrogate Value User Acceptance A Sampling of Progress in Simulation War-Gaming Online Gaming Aviation Extended Reality: Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Mixed Reality Introduction to XR Historical VR Devices XR Applications in Training VR in Medical Training AR in Medical Training AR in DoD Tactical Combat Casualty Care VR Flight Training Devices MR Flight Training Device AR Trainer for H-60R Preflight Procedures XR Applications in Operational Support AR in Army Tactical Operations VR in Operational Medicine AR in Operational Medicine AR for Aircraft Maintainers Future Directions XR HMD Enhancements AR for Red Air VR for Spatial Disorientation Training Pilot Training Next (PTN) and Naval Aviation Training Next (NATN) Challenges to the Adoption of XR Technology XR Device Visual Fidelity User Fatigue Integration User Resistance Safety Regulations XR Is Not Always the Optimal Training Solution Augmented Reality in Decision-Making The Perfect Storm Revisited: The Future of Human Factors in Simulation and Training Technological Trends Computation Power Innovations in Education and Training The Changing Nature of Education Acceptance of Simulation/Gaming Acknowledgments Disclaimer References Chapter 2 Justification for Use of Simulation Introduction Purposes Training Systems Engineering Evaluation Research Recreation Domains of Application Aviation Military Medical Driving Emergency Response Education and STEM Entertainment Maintenance Achievable Outcomes Cost Benefit Safety Data Intervention Flexibility and Availability Realism Conclusion References Chapter 3 Simulation Fidelity Introduction Definition of Fidelity Physical Fidelity Visual–Audio Fidelity Equipment Fidelity Motion Fidelity Psychological–Cognitive Fidelity Other Fidelity Measuring Fidelity The Mathematical Model Subjective Methods Fidelity Evaluation Frameworks Fidelity and Transfer of Training Summary References Chapter 4 Transfer of Training Introduction Transfer of Training: Terms and Concepts Positive Transfer Negative Transfer Near Transfer Far Transfer A Model of Factors Affecting the Transfer of Training Training Input Factors Training Outputs Conditions of Transfer Dynamic Models of Training Transfer Research Methods Transfer of Training Performance Measurement Objective Measures Subjective Measures Selecting Performance Measures Using Performance Measures to Indicate Transfer Experimental Design Forward Transfer Study Backward Transfer Study Quasi-Experimental Study Curve-Fitting Method Summary References Chapter 5 Simulation-Based Training for Decision-Making: Providing a Guide to Develop Training Based on Decision-Making Theories Theoretical Background of Decision-Making Normative Decision Models Decision Models: New Perspectives Naturalistic Decision-Making (NDM) Framework and Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) Model Biases in Decision-Making Confirmation Over- and Under-Confidence Framing Probability Perception (Gambler’s Fallacy) Sunk Costs Decision Theory Applied to Training Steps in Developing Simulations to Train Decision-Making Conduct a Needs Assessment Identify Learning Objectives Set the Simulation Context Establish KSAs Create Events to Elicit KSAs Establish an Assessment Plan Conclusion References Chapter 6 Almost Like the Real Thing – The Hidden Limits in Flight Simulation and Training Introduction Introduction to Simulator Motion How Do Humans Perceive Motion Drive? Let Them Eat Humble Pie—Or Not? Same, Same But Different Fiddling with Fidelity While Missing the Story A Perfect Tool or a Tool That Can Be Perfected? Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 7 Cybersickness in Immersive Training Environments Introduction Cybersickness Background Individual Susceptibility and Stimulus Intensity Quantifying Immersive Stimulus Intensity Usage Protocol Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 8 Distributed Debriefing for Simulation-Based Training Introduction Issues to Consider in Providing Distributed Debriefing for Simulation-Based Training The Rest of This Chapter Debriefing Functions and Methods Functions of Debriefs Methods of Debriefs Challenges of Distributed Debriefs Performance Diagnosis Performance Recall, Comparison, and Extrapolation Assessment and Display of Competence Requirements for Distributed Debriefs Communication Collaboration Automated Data Capture Data Presentation Data Selection Replay Perspective Expert Models of Performance Flexible Delivery Style Post-Exercise Review Store Lessons Learned Scalable Ease of Use Current Techniques for Debriefing Distributed Teams State of the Art in Distributed Debriefing Large-Scale Distributed Simulation Training Exercises Small-Scale Distributed Simulation Training Exercises Summary Acknowledgments References Chapter 9 Performance Assessment in Simulation Subjective Methods of Performance Measurement Purpose of Performance Measures Special Properties of Performance Measures in Simulators Defining and Assessing Reliability Data Requirements Qualitative versus Quantitative A Qualitative Index Quantitative Indices Special Problems with Simulators The Gouge Instructor Attitudes Objective Methods of Performance Measurement Automated Data Collection Systems Flight Technical Error Deviation-Based Metrics Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) Number of Deviations and Time-Outside Standard Time within FAA Practical Test Standard Non-FTE Measures Rates of Change Control Input Summary Note References Chapter 10 Performance Measurement Issues and Guidelines for Adaptive, Simulation-Based Training Introduction Research Advances Adaptive SBT Implementation A Confirmatory Performance Measurement Framework for Adaptive SBT Dimensions and Essential Characteristics of Performance Measures Validity Criterion Relevance Reliability Measure Invariance Objectivity and Intrusiveness Diagnosticity Measurement Principles for Adaptive Training Principle 1: Ensure that Performance Measure Development Is Guided by Sound Theory Principle 2: Consider and Exploit Measurement Affordances Principle 3: Ensure Usefulness of Measures for Evaluating Training Effectiveness Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 11 Scoring Simulations with Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence and Reproducing Expert Ratings Traditional Approach to Scoring Open-Ended Content: Rater Training The Architecture The Data Output Other Considerations Scoring Actions in Simulated Environments Traditional Approaches to Scoring Simulations Data Representations for Modeling Simulations Machine Learning Methods for Scoring Simulations Static Methods Using Summarized Representations Time Series Methods Applications Trainee Feedback Early Prediction Real-Time Feedback Adaptive Simulations Conclusion References Chapter 12 Dissecting the Neurodynamics of the Pauses and Uncertainties of Healthcare Teams Introduction The Significance of Structure in EEG Amplitudes Neurodynamic Correlates of Uncertainty Estimating the Frequency Magnitude and Duration of Uncertainty Augmenting Debriefings with Neurodynamics Using Neurodynamic Analyses to Train the Trainers Early Novices Later Novices Evolving the Technology Summary References Chapter 13 The Future of Simulation Proem The Fundamental and Practical Reasons for Simulation Simulations in the Past On Predicting the Future The Practicalities of Simulation Simulation and Training Discourse between Two Worlds Hybrid Simulation Worlds Assessing the Progress of Simulation Technologies The Turing Test of Simulation Supersimulation The Moral Dimension of Simulation A Philosophical Valediction Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments References Appendix A: Glossary of Modeling Terms Appendix B: Glossary of Simulation Terms Appendix C: Glossary of Verification, Validation, and Accreditation Terms Index