Introduction to Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Nanostructures

Description

Get to grips with the fundamental optical and optoelectronic properties of nanostructures. This comprehensive guide makes a wide variety of modern topics accessible, and includes up-to-date material on the optical properties of monolayer crystals, plasmonics, nanophotonics, UV quantum well lasers, and wide bandgap materials and heterostructures. The unified, multidisciplinary approach makes it ideal for those in disciplines spanning nanoscience, physics, materials science, and optical, electrical and mechanical engineering. Building on work first presented in Quantum Heterostructures (Cambridge, 1999), this volume draws on years of research and teaching experience. Rigorous coverage of basic principles makes it an excellent resource for senior undergraduates, and detailed mathematical derivations illuminate concepts for graduate students, researchers and professional engineers. The examples with solutions included in the text and end-of-chapter problems allows the students to use this text to enhance their understanding. Cover......Page 1 Front Matter ......Page 2 Introduction to Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Nanostructures......Page 3 Copyright ......Page 4 Contents ......Page 5 Preface ......Page 8 1 Some Trends in Optoelectronics......Page 12 Semiconductors......Page 20 Ionic Crystals......Page 23 Covalent Crystals......Page 24 Crystal Lattices......Page 25 An Electron in a Crystalline Potential......Page 29 The Holes......Page 31 Symmetry of Crystals and Properties of Electron Spectra......Page 32 Direct-Bandgap and Indirect-Bandgap Semiconductors......Page 36 Band Structures of Semiconductor Alloys......Page 38 Band-Offsets at Heterojunctions......Page 39 Graded Semiconductors......Page 41 Lattice-Matched and Lattice-Mismatched Materials......Page 42 Valence Matching......Page 43 Lattice-Matched Materials......Page 45 Lattice-Mismatched Materials......Page 46 Lattice-Matched and Pseudomorphic Heterostructures......Page 48 Lattice-Matched III–V Heterostructures......Page 50 Wide-Bandgap Materials and Heterostructures......Page 51 Quantum Dots......Page 56 Two-Dimensional Monolayer Crystals......Page 61 Closing Remarks to Chapter 2......Page 67 Control Questions......Page 69 Introduction......Page 71 Wave Functions and Energy Subbands......Page 72 The Density of States of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas......Page 79 Electrons in Single- and Few-Monolayer Crystals......Page 80 Basic Electronic Properties of Graphene......Page 81 Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Crystals......Page 86 Black Phosphorus of Thickness a Few Monoatomic Layers......Page 89 Quantum Wires......Page 91 Wave Functions and Energy Subbands......Page 92 The Density of States for a One-Dimensional Electron Gas......Page 94 Quantum Dots......Page 95 Wave Functions and Energy Levels......Page 96 The Density of States for Zero-Dimensional Electrons......Page 100 Coupling between Quantum Wells......Page 101 Double-Quantum-Well Structures......Page 102 Two-Monolayer Crystals......Page 106 Superlattices......Page 109 Wave Functions and Energy Dispersion in Superlattices......Page 111 The Density of States......Page 114 Excitons......Page 115 Excitons in Quantum Wells......Page 119 Nanostructure-Based Materials Are Reconfigurable Nanomaterials......Page 125 Control Carrier Concentration in Quantum Structures......Page 126 Asymmetrically Doped Double-Quantum-Well Structures......Page 130 Reconfigurable Nanomaterials Based on Quantum Dots......Page 131 Closing Remarks to Chapter 3......Page 133 Control Questions......Page 135 Electromagnetic Waves and Photons......Page 136 Electromagnetic Fields, Modes, and Photons in Free Space......Page 138 Photons in Nonuniform Dielectric Media......Page 142 Optical Resonators......Page 143 Photon Statistics......Page 146 Photon Absorption and Emission......Page 147 Calculation of Phototransition Probabilities......Page 150 Optical Properties of Bulk Semiconductors......Page 153 Interband Emission and Absorption in Bulk Semiconductors......Page 155 Spectral Density of Spontaneous Emission......Page 162 Phototransitions in Semiconductors with Complex Band Structure......Page 163 Excitonic Effects......Page 167 Optical Properties of Group-III Nitrides......Page 170 Refractive Index......Page 174 Control Questions......Page 177 Optical Properties of Quantum Structures......Page 179 Electrodynamics of Heterostructures......Page 180 Light Absorption by Confined Electrons......Page 183 Effects of the Complex Valence Band of III–V Compounds......Page 187 Other Factors Affecting the Interband Optical Spectra......Page 189 Polarization Effects......Page 191 Intraband Transitions in Quantum Structures......Page 193 Intraband Absorption and Conservation Laws......Page 194 Intersubband Phototransitions......Page 195 Phototransitions to Extended States......Page 202 Optical Properties of Two-Dimensional (Few-Monolayer) Crystals......Page 204 Optics of Graphene and Bigraphene......Page 205 The Optics of Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides......Page 210 The Optics of Quantum Dots......Page 216 Closing Remarks to Chapter 5......Page 219 Control Questions......Page 220 Introduction......Page 222 Electro-Optical Effects in Conventional Materials......Page 223 Electro-Optical Effects in Quantum Wells......Page 226 Electro-Optical Effects in Superlattices......Page 232 Terahertz Coherent Oscillations of Electrons in an Electric Field......Page 236 Linear and Nonlinear Optics......Page 239 Optical Nonlinearities in Quantum Wells......Page 241 Virtual, Field-Induced Mechanism of Nonlinear Optical Effects......Page 242 Nonlinear Optical Effects Due to Generation of Excitons and Electron–Hole Plasma......Page 243 Nonlinear Effects Induced by Nonthermalized Electron–Hole Plasma......Page 248 Plasmonics and its Peculiarities in Nanostructures......Page 249 The Dielectric Permittivity of a Free-Electron Gas......Page 250 Plasmons in Metals......Page 251 Surface Plasmon-Polaritons at Dielectric/Metal Interfaces......Page 253 Plasmons in Low-Dimensional Systems......Page 259 Localized Surface Plasmons and Field-Enhancement Effects......Page 265 Closing Remarks to Chapter 6......Page 268 Control Questions......Page 269 Light Amplification in Semiconductors......Page 271 Criteria for Light Amplification......Page 272 Estimates of Light Gain......Page 275 Methods of Pumping......Page 276 Motivations for Using Heterostructures for Light Amplification......Page 282 Light Amplification in Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots......Page 286 Light-Emitting Diodes......Page 290 Amplification, Feedback, and Laser Oscillations......Page 294 Laser Output Power and Emission Spectra......Page 297 Modulation of the Laser Output......Page 300 Quantum Well Lasers......Page 303 Surface-Emitting Lasers......Page 307 Nitride-Based Light-Emitting Diodes......Page 308 Methods of Enhancement of Hole-Injection Currents in Group-III-Nitride Heterostructures......Page 315 Short-Wavelength Laser Diodes......Page 321 Quantum Wire and Quantum Dot Emitters and Lasers......Page 328 Quantum Wire Lasers......Page 329 Quantum Dot Emitters......Page 333 Closing Remarks to Chapter 7......Page 340 Control Questions......Page 341 Introduction......Page 342 Unipolar Intersubband Quantum-Cascade Lasers......Page 343 Terahertz Cascade Lasers......Page 347 Photodetectors Based on Intraband Phototransitions......Page 351 Photoconductive Detectors......Page 352 Intraband Phototransitions and Electron Transport in Multiple-Quantum-Well Structures......Page 354 Silicon Photonics......Page 360 Perspectives of Optoelectronic Devices Based on Two-Dimensional Crystals......Page 364 Voltage Control of Frequency Response in Asymmetrically Doped Double-Quantum-Well Based Photodetectors......Page 371 Control of Quantum-Dot-Based Detector Performance by Selective Doping......Page 374 Terahertz and Infrared Detectors Based on Graphene......Page 378 Control Questions......Page 381 Appendix A. Basic Statements and Formulae of Quantum Physics......Page 383 Appendix B. Tables of Units......Page 396 Appendix C. List of Pertinent Symbols*......Page 399 Further Reading ......Page 401 Index......Page 411