Refugee Crises, 1945-2000: Political and Societal Responses in International Comparison

Description

This timely study examines responses to mass refugee movements by a range of actors, from local communities to supranational organizations. Bringing together ten case studies from around the world, encompassing the global North and South alike, Refugee Crises 1945–2000 explores a broad spectrum of types of migration and of international and domestic contexts. Whilst the driving forces and numbers of people involved, and the backgrounds (national, religious, social) of the migrants, vary considerably, this book highlights a common factor: that each receiving country was confronted with the crucial question of how to deal with the arrival of a large number of people seeking refuge. They could not simply be sent away, but they were also widely seen in the receiving countries as an unpredictable challenge to stability and social cohesion. Taking a long-term perspective, this is an eloquent contribution to the intense public debate about the impact of refugee migration on state stability, societal cohesion and as an impetus for social change. Cover Half-title Series information Title page Copyright information Contents Contributors Acknowledgments 1 Responses to Refugee Crises in International Comparison Refugee - Crisis - Refugee Crises Cases and Contexts Responses to Refugee Crises: Toward a Comparison Actors and Agency in Refugee Crises The Power of Framing State-Building and Refugee Crises Mythmaking and Myth-Breaking Part I The Postwar and Decolonization Moment 2 The Dynamics of Expellee Integration in Post-1945 Europe Responses Comparisons 3 Integrating without a Host Society: The Repopulation of Poland's Western Territories after 1945 ''Repatriation'' The Migrant Society Poland's Wild West Forging a Functioning Society Conclusion 4 Pakistan: Refugee State Migration and Partition The State's Response to the Refugee Crisis Political Legacies of the Refugee Crisis Corruption Exercise of Executive Authority and Delay of Elections The Strengthening of the Army and Bureaucracy The Refugee Situation and Landlord Dominance in Punjab Refugee Migration and Ethnic Nationalism in Pakistan Sindh Partition, State Construction, and Nation-Building in Pakistan Conclusion 5 Transgenerational Displacement and Integration among Palestinians and Palestinian Refugees from Syria in Jordan Movement and Integration Security, Solidarity, and Stability Generation Now Conclusion 6 A Matter of Definition: Institutional Inclusion and Europe's Postcolonial Migrants Diverse Populations Leaving the (Former) Colonies Settler Colonies Dutch Indies French Algeria Portuguese Angola and Mozambique Reception British India Settler Colonial Cases The Netherlands The French Reflux Portuguese Returnees A ''Postcolonial Bonus'' A Matter of Definition and Processes of Institutional Inclusion Conclusion Part II Refugee Movements during the Cold War and beyond 7 The 1956-1957 Hungarian Refugee Crisis and the Role of the Canadian Press in Opening the Doors to Asylum Seekers A Refugee Crisis of Global Proportions From Closed Doors to a Country of Immigrants The Sea Change of 1956-1957 and the Role of the Globe and Mail Humanizing Refugees, Promoting Nation-Building through Diversity The Refugee Crisis in English Qubec Hungarian Refugees and Qubec's Le Devoir and La Presse Hungarian Refugees and Canada's Jewish Community Dissenting Voices in the Hungarian Canadian Diaspora ''Ennobling'' Canada through Refugee Settlement 8 Responding to and Resettling the Vietnamese Boat People: Perspectives from the United States and West Germany Scattered Seeds: The Exodus and International Reactions Shifting Frames: The United States and West German Responses Resettlement: Boat People in the United States and West Germany Retrospect: Changes and Impacts Coda 9 US State and Civil Society Responses to Salvadoran Refugees, 1980-1991 Introduction: Background to the Salvadoran Conflict The US Government Responds to Salvadoran Migration US Civil Society Responds: Humanitarian Efforts The Sanctuary Movement Social Service Provision: Faith-Based and Secular Responses Solidarity and Self-Help: Salvadoran and North American Collaborative Responses US Immigration Policy Evolves Conclusion 10 The Plight of the First Post-Cold War Refugees: The Reception and Settlement of Bosnians in Austria and the United States Settlement Programs The Experience of Bosnians in the United States The US Welfare State: The Principle of Deny and Distract The Austrian Experience The Austrian Labor Market: A Segmented System Gendered Work: Illegal and Legal Comparing Resettlement Programs Transnational Identities in the Diaspora The Translocal Traditionalist The Transitional Hybrid Ethnic Urbanites Cosmopolitans Nostalgic Citizens Conclusion 11 Rwandan Refugees in Tanzania, 1994-1996 Background to the ''Emergency'' ''Big Business'': The Humanitarian Response in Ngara Refugee Violence and Host Entrepreneurs Ngaran Encounters with Humanitarians Conclusion Part III Afterword 12 Recalibrating Refugees: Global and Historical Perspectives Belonging and Identification as a Political Process Inclusion and Opportunity Structure at Arrival Agency and Strategies The Humanitarian Turn and the Rise of NGOs The State and Civil Society Refugees and Social Change Looking Ahead Index