Integrated Science of Global Epidemics (Integrated Science, 14)

Description

The “Integrated Science of Global Epidemics” is the new proposed volume of Integrated Science Book series, aiming to publish the results of the most updated ideas and reviews on Global Epidemics. The whole world is suffering from complex problems, border less problems and global solution should  be developed. The Integrated Science of Global Epidemics aims to highlight the combination of different disciplines, including formal sciences, physical-chemical sciences and engineering, biological sciences, medical sciences, and social sciences, to deal with complex problems such as global epidemics. This contributed volume could be used as guidelines for the entire scientific community and policy makers to successfully face these global threats. Chapter 27 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. Preface Contents 1 Introduction to Integrated Science of Global Epidemics 1 Introduction 1.1 No Matter Silent or Noisy 1.2 The Problem: Health Inequality 1.3 One World, One Epidemic, One Health 1.4 Coronavirus Epidemics: More than One per Decade 2 Important Concerns and Challenges 2.1 Urbanization 2.2 Mass Casualties 2.3 Discrimination Issues 2.4 Psychological Assessment Limitations 3 Important Facilitators 3.1 Social Marketing 3.2 Artificial Intelligence 4 Physical Inactivity and Obesity 5 Global Epidemics and Children and Adolescents’ Health 5.1 The Impact of a Pandemic on children’s Development 5.2 HIV/AIDS Among Adolescents 5.3 Education 6 Before Experience 6.1 Integrated Science for COVID 6.1.1 Integrated Diagnostics Sensor Systems Imaging 6.1.2 Integrated Healthcare System 6.1.3 Integrated Education System 6.1.4 Integrated Recovery Care 6.1.5 Integrated Mental Health Interventions 6.1.6 Integrated Understanding Pathogenesis 6.1.7 Integrated Environmental and Medical Science 6.2 Integrated Science for Obesity 6.3 Integrated Science for HIV/AIDS 7 Conclusion References 2 Emerging Viral Infections in Human Population 1 Introduction 2 Contributory Factors to the Emergence of Viruses 3 Impact of Increased Travel on Emerging Diseases 4 Reservoirs in Virus Transmission Dynamics 5 Wildlife as a Compounding Factor 6 Role of Companion Animals and Animals Held in Captivity in Emerging Viruses 7 Civil Unrest and War as Catalysts for Emerging Viruses 8 National Prevention Strategy 9 Public Health Collaboration Between Agencies at Points of Entry 10 Public Health Risk Assessment 11 Surveillance of Health Challenges 12 SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic 13 Global Disease Information Systems 14 Prophylactic and Control Measures 15 Dangerous Twist of Ebola Virus in West Africa 16 Approaching Emerging Diseases from One Health Perspective 17 Conclusion References 3 One Health as an Integrated Approach: Perspectives from Public Services for Mitigation of Future Epidemics 1 Introduction 2 The Interrelation of Public Services and Health and Well-Being 2.1 Health Services 2.2 Water and Sanitation Services 2.3 Provision of Green Spaces 2.4 The Food System, Land-Use Planning, and Conservation 3 Health Implications of Different Public Services for the Health of Humans, Animals, and the Environment 3.1 Health Services 3.2 Water and Sanitation Services 3.3 Provision of Green Spaces 3.4 Food System 3.5 Land-Use Planning and Conservation 4 OH Actions to Promote Public Health Services: Enabling Health and Reducing Risks 4.1 Health Services 4.2 Water and Sanitation Services 4.3 Green Spaces Provision 4.4 Food Systems 4.5 Land Use Planning and Conservation 5 Conclusion References 4 A Multipronged Approach to Combat COVID-19: Lessons from Previous Pandemics for the Future 1 Introduction 2 Lessons from Previous Pandemics for Future 2.1 Lessons from 1918–1919 H1N1 “Spanish Flu” Pandemic 2.2 Lessons from 1957–1958 H2N2 “Asian Flu” Pandemic 2.3 Lessons from 1968–1969 H3N2 “A2/Hong Kong Flu” Pandemic 2.4 Lessons from the 2003 SARS Pandemic 2.5 Lessons from 2009–2010 pH1N1/09 “Swine Flu” Pandemic 3 A Multipronged Approach to Combat COVID-19 3.1 Fast, Extensive Testing 3.2 Contact Tracing Technology 3.3 Restrictive Public Health Measures 3.4 Healthcare Technology and Treatments 3.5 Healthcare Policy and Communication 4 Conclusion References 5 Response to Disease Outbreaks in Africa: A Call to Build Resilient Health Systems 1 Introduction 2 Historical Trends of Disease Outbreaks in Africa 2.1 How Long Does It Take to Detect, Respond to, and Control Epidemics in Africa 3 Conceptual Clarity on Resilient Health System 4 The Resilience of Health Systems in African Countries: What Do We Know? 5 What Will It Take to Improve Health System Resilience? 6 Conclusion References 6 Navigating Global Public Influenza Surveillance Systems for Reliable Forecasting 1 Introduction 2 The Use of Surveillance Data for Modeling Disease Outbreaks 2.1 Establishing Traveling Waves of Infections 2.2 Developing Dynamic Mapping Combined with Risk Factors 2.3 Considering Seasonal Migration and the Snowbird Effect 2.4 Considering the Individual Vulnerability of the Aging Population 2.5 Forging Insights for Testing: From Non-Specific to Specific 2.6 Creating National Disease Calendars 2.7 Integrating Social Calendars into Modeling 2.8 Creating Regional Integrated Disease Calendars 2.9 Consolidating the Efforts of Multiple Agencies 3 Attributes of a Mature Surveillance System 3.1 FluNet Data Integrity 3.1.1 NICs and Facilities 3.1.2 Reporting Lag 3.1.3 Case Definition 3.1.4 Surveillance Strategy 3.2 FluNet Data Completeness 4 Conclusion References 7 Three Respiratory Syndrome Epidemics (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) in Two Decades: Clinical Epidemiological Considerations 1 Introduction 2 Clinical Epidemiological Investigation for an Emerging Respiratory Syndrome Epidemic 2.1 The Pre-Epidemiological Data Collection Process 2.2 The Epidemiological Data Collection Process 2.3 The Post-Epidemiological Data Collection Process 3 Clinical, Epidemiological Issues of Three Important Respiratory Syndrome Epidemics (SARS, MERS, COVID-19) 3.1 Clinical, Epidemiological Considerations on SARS 3.2 Clinical, Epidemiological Considerations on MERS 3.3 Clinical, Epidemiological Considerations on COVID-19 4 Lessons Learnt from Clinical, Epidemiological Investigation on the Three Respiratory Syndrome Epidemics 5 Conclusion References Epidemic in Complex Networks and Some Ideas About the Impact of Isolation Strategies in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Mathematical Models of Infection Diseases 2.1 Formulation of Two Well Known Epidemiology Models 3 Application of Models to Virus Spreading in Networks 3.1 Fast Extinction Result 3.2 SIR Variation of Chakrabarti Model 3.3 Simulations of Chakrabarti SIS and SIR Model 4 My Own Model 4.1 Fast Extinction Result 4.2 Fast Extinction of My Own Model 4.3 Simulations of My Model 5 The Different Impact of Isolation Strategies 5.1 Adaptation of My Own Model to the COVID-19 Pandemic 6 Conclusions and Future Work 7 My Opinion About Future of My Field 30 Years Later 9 Optimal Control: Application and Applicability in Times of Pandemics 1 Introduction 1.1 General Context and Goal of the Chapter 1.2 The Past, Present, and Future of Interventions 1.3 Applied Control Models in Times of Pandemics 2 Novel Modeling and Control Approaches 2.1 Recent Contributions to the Spatiotemporal Control Modeling of Pandemics 2.2 A Reopening Control Approach Amid COVID-19 Using a New Dynamic Model 2.3 Applying the Model in a Reopening Strategy Evaluation Analysis 3 Discussion: Alternative and Promising Optimal Control Methods for Better Applicability 4 Conclusion References Analysis of a COVID-19 Model Implementing Social Distancing as an Optimal Control Strategy 1 Introduction 2 Formulation of Mathematical Model 3 Positivity and Boundedness 4 Equilibrium Analysis 4.1 Basic Reproduction Number (R0) 5 Sensitivity Analysis 6 Stability Analysis 6.1 Local Stability 6.2 Global Stability 7 Bifurcation Analysis at R0 =1 8 Numerical Results Without Implementing Control Strategy 9 Optimal Control Problem 9.1 Deduction of Total Cost Which Needs to Be Minimized 10 Numerical Simulation of the Optimal Control Problem 10.1 Effect of Weight Constants w3 and w4 on Optimal Control Policies 11 Conclusion 11 Impact of Policy Implementations on the Propagation of COVID-19 Before Vaccine 1 Introduction 2 A Helicopter View of Australia and New Zealand 3 The Policy Response in Australia 3.1 Five-Phase Response in Australia 3.1.1 Phase 1: Containment 3.1.2 Phase 2: Period of Indecision 3.1.3 Phase 3: Large Scale Testing But Weak Enforcement of Quarantine 3.1.4 Phase 4: Stricter Measures Imposed 3.1.5 Phase 5: Starting a “New Normal” 4 The Policy Response in New Zealand 4.1 Analysis of the New Zealand Response 5 Should We Compare Pandemic Propagation Between New Zealand and Australia? 6 Transmission in Queensland 7 Comparing Queensland and New Zealand for COVID-19 Propagation 8 Spill Over from COVID-19 8.1 Impact on Crime 9 Public Policy and Elections 10 Conclusion References 12 Environmental Factors Associated with Global Pandemic Transmission and Morbidity 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Time and Regions Included in This Study 2.2 Data Sources of the Study 2.3 Data Testing by Statistics Tools 3 Results 3.1 Evaluation of Incidence and Casualties Associated with COVID-19 3.2 Evaluation of Environmental Factors 3.3 Determination of Association Between Weather and COVID-19 3.4 Frequency of Distributions of Age and Gender of COVID-19 Cases 3.5 Analysis of Different Factors Affecting the Outcome of COVID-19 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References 13 Urbanization and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases: Towards the Social Framing of Global Responses 1 Introduction 2 Urbanization: Urban Living and Health 3 Theorizing the Nexus Between Urbanization and Infectious Diseases and Pandemics 4 Urbanization and the Spread of Infectious Diseases Within and Across Cities 5 Urbanization: Infectious Diseases and Global Pandemic Risks 6 Urbanization, Deglobalization, and Stemming Pandemics 7 Framework for Global Social Responses to Infections and Pandemics 7.1 Inclusive Urban Governance 7.2 Inclusive Urban Health and Housing Policies 7.3 Effective and Proactive Surveillance 7.4 Dynamic Health Promotion 7.5 The Global Compact on Health Equity 7.6 Global Social Compact on the Marginalized and Poor 8 Conclusion References 14 Pandemics and Mass Casualties: Cornerstones of Management 1 Introduction 2 Awareness and Preparedness 2.1 Awareness 2.2 Economical Preparedness 2.3 Technical and Tactical Preparedness 3 First Response to a Mass Casualty During a Pandemic 3.1 Rapidity 3.2 Modularity 3.3 Protection of Victims and Health Care Workers 3.4 Non-Specialized Staff Education and Training 3.5 Data, Information, and Communication Channels 4 Maintenance and Adaptation 4.1 Resources Implementation 4.2 Support for Health Care Workers 4.3 Data Analysis and Scientific Production 5 Conclusion References 15 Social Marketing Contributions to Mitigate Global Epidemics 1 Introduction 2 Social Marketing in Public Health 3 Multidisciplinary Theories and Approaches Used in Social Marketing 4 Social Marketing Mix and Forms of Exchange 5 Social Marketing Appeals 6 Social Marketing Influencers and Digital Media 7 Upstream, Mid-Stream, and Downstream Social Marketing 8 Social Marketing Control 9 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 16 The Significance of Super Intelligence of Artificial Intelligence Agencies in the Social Savageries of COVID-19: An Appraisal 1 Introduction 2 Use of AI During COVID-19 Pandemic 3 AI is Used to Recognize, Predict, and Forecast the Path of Outbreaks 3.1 AI for Detection of the Virus and Tracing COVID-19 Real and Unreal Patient 3.2 AI for Rapid Detection of Patient Number by Contact Tracing 3.3 AI for Predicting Patient Number to Take Precaution 3.4 AI in Robotic Cleaning to Prevent Spreading of COVID-19 4 AI for Diagnostic Purposes 4.1 Use of AI in the Development of Drugs, Vaccines, and Technical Check-Ups of Patients and Doctors 4.2 Use of Drones to Deliver Medical Suppliers 4.3 Use of Robots for Sterilizing and Touchless Sanitation 4.4 Use of AI for Money Transaction and Marketing Systems in the Pandemic 4.5 Use of AI in Coronavirus Prevention 5 AI for Social Relation and Emotional Bond During the COVID-19 Pandemic 6 AI for Education, Entertainment, and the Mental Growth During Lockdowns 7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 17 Integration of Sex and Gender Approaches in National Ethics Committees’ Mandate to Appraise COVID-19 Research Protocols: Lessons from West Africa 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the ‘Framework’ Development 3 The RESULT of the PROCESS: The Framework 3.1 1st Step 3.2 2nd Step 3.3 3rd Step 4 Future Prospects 5 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 18 Psychology, Law, Ethics, Telehealth, and the Global Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Recent Literature Review 2.1 Ethics 2.1.1 According to the APA Comment Practice 2.1.2 Consolidated Model Comment 2.2 Psychological Services in COVID-19 Times 2.2.1 Flattening the Distress 2.2.2 Tele-Assessments 2.2.3 Guidelines 2.2.4 Comment 2.3 Informed Consent 2.3.1 The APA 2.3.2 The Present Author 3 Conclusion Acknowledgements Appendix 1: Informed Consent Explanation for Telehealth/Telepsychology Procedures and Technology The Risks, Limitations, and Implications of Telehealth/Telepsychology Informed Consent Form to Sign for Telehealth/Telepsychology References 19 Physical Inactivity, Sedentarism, and Low Fitness: A Worldwide Pandemic for Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Consequences Associated with Physical Inactivity, Sedentary Behavior, and Physical Fitness 2.1 Physical Inactivity 2.2 Sedentary Behavior 2.3 Physical Fitness 2.4 Interaction of Cardiorespiratory and Musculoskeletal Fitness 3 Temporal Trends in the Prevalence of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Fitness Levels 3.1 Physical Inactivity 3.2 Sedentary Behavior 3.3 Physical Fitness 4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 20 The Global Epidemic of Diabesity: Are We Heading for an Unsustainable Future? 1 Introduction 2 The Past, the Present and the Future of Diabesity Epidemiology 3 The Diabesity Epidemic Drivers 4 Social Determinants of Health and Diabesity 5 The Health Impact of Diabesity 6 The COVID-19 Pandemic and Diabesity 7 The Economic Impact of Diabesity 8 Climate Change and Diabesity Epidemic 9 Is the Future Sustainable? 10 What Can Be Done? 11 Conclusion References 21 Nutrition, Function, and Quality of Life in Older Adults Socially Isolated Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Focus on Telehealth Interventions 1 Introduction 1.1 The COVID-19 Version of Social Isolation 2 Unique Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Older People 2.1 The Risk to Older Adults 2.2 Compliance with Social Distancing 2.3 Interruption and Deferral of Health Care 2.4 Physical Isolation and Inactivity 2.5 Social Isolation and Perceived Social Isolation 2.6 Ageism 3 Particular Concerns for High-Risk Populations 3.1 Death of Loved Ones 3.2 Worsening Health and Chronic Illnesses 3.3 Sensory Impairment 3.4 Retirement 3.5 Changes in Income 4 Nutrition for Older Adults in COVID-19 Social Isolation: Concerns and Solutions 4.1 The Net Impact of Social Isolation on Nutritional Status 4.2 Acute Impact of Isolation on Nutrition and Hydration 4.3 The Long-Term Impact of Isolation on Nutritional Status and Diet Quality 4.4 Optimizing Food Access for Older People During COVID-19 Isolation 5 Telehealth: Promoting Function, Life Quality, and Nutrition in Older People 5.1 Use of Technology by Older Adults 5.2 Telehealth and Older Adults 5.3 Remote Lifestyle Interventions in Older Adults 5.4 Remote Interventions During COVID-19 5.5 Overcoming Barriers to Telehealth Use in Older Adults 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 22 Africa’s Response to Pandemics 1 Introduction: African Culture, Religion, and Traditional Medicine 2 COVID-19 and Africa’s Response 3 African Traditional Medicine Versus Western Medicine 4 Conclusion References 23 Vaccine Hesitancy and Refusal: History, Causes, Mitigation Strategies 1 Introduction 2 Historical Outline of Anti-vaccination Movements 3 Causes of Vaccine Hesitancy 4 Mitigation Strategies: Tackling Vaccine Hesitancy 5 Conclusion References 24 Vaccine Compliance Versus Trust in a Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 The Danger of the Rescue Narrative 3 Conclusion References 25 Child Development in a Crisis: A Pandemic 1 Introduction 2 Crisis 2.1 Stages in Crisis 2.1.1 Impact Stage 2.1.2 Coping Phase 2.1.3 Adaptation-Withdrawal Stage 2.2 Features of Crisis 2.2.1 An Unusual Situation 2.2.2 Being a Vulnerable Situation 2.2.3 Existence of Accelerating Factors 2.3 Factors Influential in the Formation of Crises 2.3.1 Familial Factors 2.3.2 Economic Factors 2.3.3 Social Factors 2.3.4 Critical Life Satisfaction 2.3.5 Natural Factors 3 Pandemic: A Crisis 4 Effects of Pandemic on Children 4.1 Infancy Period (0–2 years) 4.2 Early Childhood Period (3–5 years) 4.3 School Period (6–11 years) 4.4 Adolescent Period (12–18 years) 5 Conclusion References 26 HIV/AIDS Problems and Policies in Adolescent Population 1 Introduction 2 Adolescence and Health 3 Health Problems Among Adolescents 4 HIV/AIDS Trends Among Adolescents Between 2000–2019 5 Risk Factors of HIV/AIDS Among Adolescents 6 HIV/AIDS Intervention, Prevention Program, and Policy for Adolescents 7 Conclusion References 27 Addressing Needs of Foreign Schoolchildren to Combat a Global Epidemic of Dengue Virus Infection: Transnational and Trans-Sectoral Initiatives 1 Introduction 1.1 Public Education Initiatives in the New Decade 1.2 Global Burden of Mosquito-Borne Dengue on the Rise 1.3 The Study Site: Singapore 1.4 Dengue Virus Infection in Singapore 1.5 Dengue Health Threats Among Children in Singapore 2 The Transnational and Trans-Sectoral Prescription for Anti-Dengue Efforts 2.1 The Japanese Residents: A Demographic Segment Difficult to Conduct Outreach to in Singapore 2.2 Dengue Incidence at a Japanese Primary School in Singapore 2.3 The First Dengue Outreach Exercise at a Japanese Primary School in Singapore 2.4 Results of After-Class Quizzes 2.5 Schoolyard On-Site Inspection 3 Lessons Learnt from the First Outreach Exercise 4 Science Communication for Community Engagement: Project Wolbachia–Singapore 5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 28 Integrated Science of Global Epidemics 2050 1 Introduction 2 How Future Epidemics Are 3 How to Prepare for Future Epidemics 3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 3.2 Computer Science 3.3 Public Health Sociology 3.4 Resilient Health Systems 4 Interventions for Infectious Epidemics 4.1 Multidimensional Approaches 4.2 “One Health” 4.3 International Partnerships 4.4 Telehealth 4.5 Super-Specialized Treatments 4.6 Global Policy Response/Responsibility 5 Other Challenges 5.1 HIV/AIDS 5.2 Africa 5.3 Child Development 5.4 Extraordinary Friction 6 Interventions for Non-infectious Epidemics: Optimal Nutritional Strategies and Physical Activity 7 Conclusion References The Puzzle of Integrated Science of Global Epidemics Index