A critique of adjudication

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 6 CONTENTS......Page 7 1 Introduction......Page 8 Iconology of constraint......Page 10 Critical social theory, leftism, modernism, postmodernism......Page 12 Critical legal studies......Page 15 Leftism and modernism/postmodernism in cls......Page 18 Subversion......Page 19 The rule of law......Page 20 Objectivity......Page 21 The model of alienated powers......Page 25 PART ONE Ideological Stakes in Adjudication......Page 28 2 The Distinction between Adjudication and Legislation......Page 30 Adjudication versus legislation......Page 33 The jurisprudence of adjudication......Page 37 Typology of Theories of Adjudication......Page 44 3 Ideological Conflict over the Definition of Legal Rules......Page 46 Group interests in the evolution of legal rules......Page 47 Ideology is universalization of group interests......Page 48 The "interminable" character of ideological conflict......Page 49 ideological conflict versus dialogue and bargaining......Page 50 The subjects of ideologized group conflict over the definition of rules in our particular society......Page 52 Liberalism and conservatism......Page 53 Epistemes, paradigms, contested concepts, and conceptions......Page 56 Ontology of liberalism and conservatism......Page 57 Ideological preferences......Page 61 Liberalism capitalized......Page 63 intrinsic versus instrumental ideological interests in the content of legal rules......Page 64 Against rule skepticism......Page 66 Rules, not rule application......Page 67 The effect of rules on conduct......Page 69 Normative effects......Page 70 Summary of rule stakes......Page 71 Rule stakes versus dispute resolution......Page 72 Adjudication as a forum of ideology......Page 76 PART TWO The Problem of Judicial Legislation......Page 78 4 The Paradox of American Critical Legalism......Page 80 Civil law versus common law......Page 82 British law versus American law......Page 84 Nightmare on Main Street......Page 86 Adjudication critique in the context of high stakes......Page 88 Summary genealogy of the critique of judicial ideology in adjudication......Page 89 The Continent versus the United States......Page 99 Britain versus the United States......Page 102 The deductive mode versus the policy mode......Page 104 Respective roles of deduction and policy......Page 107 Two kinds of deduction......Page 108 Deduction "guided" by policy......Page 111 What is formalism?......Page 112 Relativizing the boundary between deductive questions and policy questions......Page 114 The legal character of policy argument......Page 115 Policy as mediator and Trojan horse......Page 116 Policy argument as an unrationalized practice......Page 118 Policy in legal theory......Page 119 The dilemma of liberal legalism......Page 120 Responses to the dilemma......Page 124 Dworkin's version of coherence......Page 126 Dworkin left and right......Page 127 A summary critique of Dworkin's response to the dilemma of contemporary liberal legalism......Page 131 Dworkin's Hercules as a left liberal legalist......Page 134 PART THREE Ideology in Adjudication......Page 138 6 Policy and Ideology......Page 140 Rules versus reasons for rules......Page 142 The structure of legal rules or doctrine......Page 143 The structure of legal justification......Page 144 Relativizing the distinction between the two structures......Page 146 The universe of potential rules......Page 147 The generation of new arguments......Page 148 Relationship between rule operations and argument operations......Page 149 An example......Page 150 The form of policy argument......Page 154 Policy as a translation of ideology......Page 155 Policy as an instrument of ideology......Page 157 Policy as a parallel ideological development......Page 158 Ideological history tells you what kind of case it is......Page 159 ideological history provides ready-to-wear policy arguments......Page 161 The judge is an ideological performer willy-nilly......Page 162 7 Ideologically Oriented Legal Work......Page 164 Work in a medium......Page 165 Two modes of constraint......Page 167 The paradigm case of ideologically directed legal work......Page 168 Deductive work......Page 171 Policy work......Page 172 The economics of legal work......Page 173 Types of field configuration......Page 175 Legal work and the ontology of determinacy and indeterminacy......Page 176 The notion that law restricts the field of ideological conflict......Page 179 High stakes for "little" questions......Page 181 Nesting......Page 182 How radical?......Page 184 8 Strategizing Strategic Behavior in Interpretation......Page 187 Relativity of the claim about strategic behavior......Page 188 The (constrained) activist judge......Page 189 The difference-splitting judge......Page 191 The bipolar judge......Page 192 Interpreting strategic behavior......Page 193 The critique of ideology as an explanatory concept......Page 194 A psychology of strategic behavior......Page 198 Denial: not just a river in Egypt......Page 199 The three types of judges as deniers......Page 201 Psychologizing versus dialogue......Page 205 Is denial unconscious?......Page 206 Denial as a collective phenomenon......Page 207 Denial as a response to role conflict......Page 209 Fear of the consequences......Page 212 Overcoming contradiction......Page 214 Projection of ideology as a stabilizer of the system of denial......Page 216 Conclusion......Page 219 PART FOUR Consequences of Adjudication......Page 220 Counterfactual legislative supremacy......Page 222 The moderation effect......Page 224 Moderation of legislative regime change......Page 225 Five complexities......Page 228 Judicial regime change through common and constitutional law......Page 230 The empowerrnent effect......Page 231 Law as a land mass that can be colonized......Page 232 Fractions and constituencies......Page 233 The role of judges in creating popular will......Page 234 Adjudication as a strategy of intelligentsia class power......Page 235 Contrasting legislative revision with final judicial review of constitutional questions......Page 237 Defects of majority rule......Page 238 What is a legitimation effect?......Page 243 Consequences of legislative supremacy for the common law......Page 245 Coherence, consistency, rationality......Page 246 The stricture of the distinction between the common law and legislation......Page 247 "Withdrawal" ai a consequence of misunderstanding......Page 249 Politica! consequences of withdrawal......Page 251 An analogy......Page 253 The practice of delegitimation......Page 254 Labor law......Page 256 Federalism......Page 258 Public international law......Page 260 Local government law......Page 261 Race law......Page 263 The First Amendment......Page 264 The law of gender......Page 265 The typical structure of cls-inspired policy proposals......Page 269 Cls versus progressive attitudes toward reconstruction......Page 270 11 Adjudication in Social Theory......Page 271 The mandarin materials controversy......Page 273 The law in books versus the law in action......Page 274 Is there an audience in the forum?......Page 278 Evetybody knows that legal reasoning is indeterminate......Page 282 External determination......Page 284 The rationalism/irrationalism debate......Page 287 A neo-Marxist social theory of law......Page 288 The role of indeterminacy in the neo-Marxist theory of law......Page 290 De-Marxifying the analysis......Page 291 The irrationalist critique......Page 292 Contrast with neo-Marxist theories of ideology......Page 297 The PT as "chastened" left theory......Page 301 The "hypercritical" character of irrationaliim......Page 302 PART FIVE Post Rights......Page 304 12 Rights in American Legal Consciousness......Page 306 The role of rights in left legal thought, circa 1975-1985......Page 307 The effacement of radicalism......Page 308 From class politics to identity politics......Page 309 The cls critique of rights......Page 310 Rights in American political discourse......Page 311 Rights mediate between factual and value judgments......Page 312 Inside and outside rights......Page 313 Rights in the universalization projects of ideological intelligentsias......Page 315 The parallel investments of ideological intelligentsias in legal reasoning and rights discourse......Page 316 Loss of faith in rights......Page 318 From the critique of legal reasoning to the critique of constitutional rights......Page 322 Legal rights in legal reasoning......Page 323 Legal argument about rights that are lega! rules reduces to policy argument......Page 324 Rights argument within legal reasoning reduces to balancing and therefore to policy......Page 325 Rights mediate between law and policy......Page 326 The proliferation of balancing tests reduces constitutional rights questions to policy questions......Page 327 The liberal legal realist origin of the critique of rights......Page 329 Balancing and the conservative critique of liberal rights claims......Page 330 Revalidated constitutional rights reasoning switches sides in the 1970s......Page 332 The internal disintegration of left rights rhetoric......Page 334 From the critique of constitutional rights to the critique of outside rights......Page 336 Critique of the lay discourse of rights......Page 337 From the critique of constitutional rights to reconstructive projects in political theory......Page 339 Things the critique of rights is not......Page 340 Marx's critique of rights......Page 342 Why do it?......Page 344 14 Conclusion: Landscapes along the Highway of Infinite Regress......Page 346 Why do it?......Page 347 The transgressive artifact......Page 349 Mpm is not about "authenticity"......Page 351 Modernism and postmodernism in mpm......Page 353 Critique of critical maximalism......Page 355 Psychologizing the mpm project......Page 357 Mpm as a socially scripted project......Page 359 Mpm as an elite project......Page 360 Tit for tat......Page 362 Left critique of mpm......Page 363 Taking the marbles and going home......Page 364 Against reconstruction......Page 366 Nihilism......Page 368 Left/mpm as an intersectional project......Page 370 Rightness and legal education......Page 371 Legal discourse as an instance of managerial discourse in general......Page 375 Politicization and disloyalty......Page 377 Disloyalty as loss of faith......Page 379 In defense of politicization and passivity......Page 381 2. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ADJUDICATION AND LEGISLATION......Page 386 3. IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT OVER THE DEFINITION OF LEGAL RULES......Page 389 4. THE PARADOX OF AMERICAN CRITICAL LEGALISM......Page 391 5. POLICY AND COHERENCE......Page 395 6. POLICY AND IDEOLOGY......Page 399 7. IDEOLOGICALLY ORIENTED LEGAL WORK......Page 401 8. STRATEGIZING STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR IN INTERPRETATION......Page 402 9. THE MODERATION AND EMPOWERMENT EFFECTS......Page 404 10. THE LEGITIMATION EFFECT......Page 405 11. ADJUDICA1'ION IN SOCIAL 'I'HEORY......Page 410 12. RIGHTS IN AMERICAN LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS......Page 416 13. THE CRITIQUE OF RIGHTS......Page 417 14. CONCLUSION......Page 419 INDEX......Page 422