Polymetallic Coatings to Control Biofouling in Pipelines: Challenges and Potential

Description

Most of the pipelines used for the transport of various fluids are susceptible to the formation of biofilms, and the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms in pipelines leads to biodeterioration and increases the maintenance cost of the pipelines. This book focuses on nanostructured polymetallic coatings for corrosion and biofouling protection in offshore oil and gas pipelines, marine pipelines, ship structures and port facilities, and corrosion resistance surfaces of several engineered structures. Considering various reasons of biofouling in pipelines that transport crude and refined petroleum, gas, biofuels, and other fluids including sewage, slurry, and water for drinking or irrigation, the underlying mechanism is thoroughly explained. A comparison of various protective techniques is also highlighted for the choice of methods for specific applications. Features: Provides information on biofouling control with broad significance and applicability in various industrial and research areas. Discusses microbially induced corrosion on biofuel transporting pipelines. Includes data from experiments conducted to overcome biofouling and biocorrosion. Gives out particular attention to metallic coatings and environmental considerations. Explores novel technologies preventing biofouling on metallic and polymeric substrates. This book is for researchers and graduate students in Coatings and Paints, Microbiology, Bioprocess Engineering, Biotechnology, Industrial Engineering, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Marine Engineering, Surface and Corrosion Engineering, and Water and Wastewater Treatment. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Preface Authors Introduction 1. Biofouling and Biocorrosion 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Microbial Growth and Biofouling 1.3 Measurements of Microbial Growth 1.3.1 Direct Methods of Measurements 1.3.2 Indirect Methods of Measurements 1.4 Biofouling 1.5 Chemical Fouling 1.6 Biological Fouling 1.6.1 Biocorrosion and Biodeterioration 1.6.2 Causes and Effects – Health and Environmental Perspectives 1.7 Case Studies References 2. Biofouling in Industrial Water Systems, Membrane Biofouling: Assessment and Reduction Strategies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Biofouling Mechanisms 2.3 Biofouling Control and Prevention Strategies 2.4 Pretreatment and Membrane-Based Systems 2.4.1 Biofilters 2.5 Biofouling Reduction Strategies 2.5.1 Direct Methods 2.5.2 Modification 2.5.3 Cleaning 2.5.4 Indirect Methods 2.5.5 Pretreatment 2.5.5.1 Deep Bed Biofilter (DBF) 2.5.5.2 Membrane Filtration 2.5.6 Biochemical Methods 2.5.7 Water Disinfection Method 2.6 Detection of Fouling 2.6.1 Organic Matter (OM) in Seawater 2.6.2 Parameters Characterizing Biomass 2.6.3 Fouling Potential of Water 2.6.3.1 Particulate Fouling Potential 2.6.3.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substances 2.6.3.3 Biofouling Potential 2.6.3.4 Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) 2.6.3.5 Biodegradable Organic Carbon (BDOC) References 3. Biofouling in Oil and Gas/Biofuel Pipelines 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Significance of Oil/Gas/Biofuel in the Energy Sector 3.3 Transportation Mechanisms 3.3.1 Oil Tankers 3.3.2 LNG Tankers 3.3.3 Pipelines 3.3.4 Barges 3.3.5 Railroad/Tank Trucks 3.3.6 Tugboats 3.4 Materials Used in Pipelines 3.5 Biofouling Causes and Impacts on Oil/Gas/Biofuel Transporting Pipelines 3.6 Biofouling in Pipelines: Treatment and Controlling Mechanisms 3.7 Biofouling: Current Challenges and Impact on the Global Market References 4. Introduction to Surface Coatings 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Surface Chemistry 4.3 Substrate Preparation Techniques 4.4 Surface Activation 4.4.1 Stainless Steel 4.4.2 Titanium and its Alloy 4.5 Alkaline Treatment 4.6 Acidic Pretreatment 4.7 Types of Surface Cleaning 4.7.1 Immersion Cleaning 4.7.2 Pickling Process 4.7.3 Pickling: Benefits 4.7.4 Electrocleaning 4.7.5 Electropolishing 4.7.6 Manual Polishing 4.7.7 Barrel Cleaning 4.7.8 Spray Cleaning 4.7.9 Grit and Sand Blasting 4.7.10 Wet Chemical Cleaning 4.8 Types of Coating Techniques 4.8.1 Electroless Plating 4.8.2 Reducing Agents 4.8.3 Complexing Bath 4.8.4 Additives 4.8.5 Levelers 4.8.6 Wetting Agents 4.8.7 pH of the Bath Solution 4.9 Binary Electroless Plating Process 4.10 Powder Spray Deposition 4.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Technique 4.12 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Technique 4.13 Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition Technique 4.14 Thin-Film Growth Characteristics 4.15 Importance and Applications of Coatings References 5. Characterization of Surface Coatings 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Surface Analytical Techniques 5.2.1 X-Ray Diffraction 5.2.2 Residual Stress Measurement 5.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy 5.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 5.2.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 5.2.6 Optical Microscopy 5.2.7 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy 5.3 Characterization of Coatings 5.4 FTIR Spectroscopy 5.5 Biofilm Analysis in Membrane Water Filters 5.6 Identification of Chemical Composition in Biofilm Formation 5.7 Impact of SRB on Pipelines 5.8 Biofouling Treatment and Preventive Measures References 6. Metallic Coatings 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Techniques of Metallic Coatings and Significance 6.2.1 Hot Dip Galvanizing 6.2.2 Thermal Spray Coating 6.2.3 Thermal Evaporation 6.2.4 Sputtering 6.2.5 Electroplating 6.2.6 Electroless Plating 6.2.6.1 Electroless Nickel Plating 6.2.6.2 Electroless Ni-P Coatings. 6.2.6.3 Electroless Ternary Composite Coating 6.3 Corrosion and Leaching Problems 6.4 Industrial Applications References 7. Ethical Issues and Environmental Safety 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Safety and Ethics of Metallic Coatings 7.3 Controlled Release of Antifouling Coatings References 8. Future Prospects of the Coating Technology 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Prospects of the Coating Technology Acknowledgment References Index