Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter

Description

Jespersen’s Chemistry 7th Edition provides readers with the necessary practice, support, instruction and assessment that is required for learning and teaching the content of a General Chemistry course. This text provides the forum for problem solving and concept mastery of chemical phenomena that leads to proficiency and success.  The Seventh Edition includes revisions to key content coverage areas and concepts and the addition of more Analyzing & Solving Multi-Concept problems and examples throughout the text. An increased emphasis has also been placed on the intimate relationship that exists between structure at the submicroscopic molecular level and the observable macroscopic properties of matter. Jespersen provides readers with a clear, concise and easy to understand General Chemistry resource.  Cover endpaper - Periodic Table endpaper - Atomic Masses of the Elements Table of Contents Preface 0 A Very Brief History of Chemistry 0.1 Chemistry’s Important Concepts 0.2 Supernovas and the Elements 0.3 Elements and the Earth 0.4 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 0.5 Internal Structure of the Atom Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 1 Scientific Measurements 1.1 Laws and Theories: The Scientific Method 1.2 Matter and Its Classifications 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties 1.4 Measurement of Physical and Chemical Properties 1.5 The Uncertainty of Measurements 1.6 Dimensional Analysis 1.7 Density and Specific Gravity Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 2 Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table 2.1 The Periodic Table 2.2 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 2.3 Molecules and Chemical Formulas 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 2.5 Ionic Compounds 2.6 Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds 2.7 Molecular Compounds 2.8 Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 3 The Mole and Stoichiometry 3.1 The Mole and Avogadro’s Number 3.2 The Mole, Formula Mass, and Stoichiometry 3.3 Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition 3.4 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas 3.5 Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations 3.6 Limiting Reactants 3.7 Theoretical Yield and Percentage Yield Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 4 Molecular View of Reactions Aqueous Solutions 4.1 Describing Solutions 4.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 4.3 Equations for Ionic Reactions 4.4 Introducing Acids and Bases 4.5 Acid–Base Nomenclature 4.6 Double Replacement (Metathesis) Reactions 4.7 Molarity 4.8 Solution Stoichiometry 4.9 Titrations and Chemical Analysis Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 5.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 5.2 Balancing Redox Equations 5.3 Acids as Oxidizing Agents 5.4 Redox Reactions of Metals 5.5 Molecular Oxygen as an Oxidizing Agent 5.6 Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 6 Energy and Chemical Change 6.1 Energy: The Ability to Do Work 6.2 Heat, Temperature, and Internal Energy 6.3 Measuring Heat 6.4 Energy of Chemical Reactions 6.5 Heat, Work, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 6.6 Heats of Reaction 6.7 Thermochemical Equations 6.8 Hess’s Law 6.9 Standard Heats of Reaction Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 7 The Quantum Mechanical Atom 7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 7.2 Line Spectra and the Rydberg Equation 7.3 The Bohr Theory 7.4 The Wave Mechanical Model 7.5 Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms 7.6 Electron Spin 7.7 Energy Levels and Ground State Electron Configurations 7.8 Periodic Table and Ground State Electron Configurations 7.9 Atomic Orbitals: Shapes and Orientations 7.10 Periodic Table and Properties of the Elements Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 8 The Basics of Chemical Bonding 8.1 Energy Requirements for Bond Formation 8.2 Ionic Bonding 8.3 Octet Rule and Electron Configurations of Ions 8.4 Lewis Symbols: Keeping Track of Valence Electrons 8.5 Covalent Bonds 8.6 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity 8.7 Lewis Structures 8.8 Resonance Structures 8.9 Covalent Compounds of Carbon Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 9 Theories of Bonding and Structure 9.1 Five Basic Molecular Geometries 9.2 Molecular Shapes and the VSEPR Model 9.3 Molecular Structure and Dipole Moments 9.4 Valence Bond Theory 9.5 Hybrid Orbitals and Molecular Geometry 9.6 Hybrid Orbitals and Multiple Bonds 9.7 Molecular Orbital Theory Basics 9.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals 9.9 Bonding in Solids 9.10 Bonding of the Allotropes of the Elements Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 10 Properties of Gases 10.1. A Molecular Look at Gases 10.2. Measurement of Pressure 10.3. Gas Laws 10.4. Stoichiometry Using Gas Volumes 10.5. Ideal Gas Law 10.6. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 10.7. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 10.8. Real Gases Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 11 Intermolecular Attractions and the Properties of Liquids and Solids 11.1 Intermolecular Forces 11.2 Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties 11.3 Changes of State and Dynamic Equilibria 11.4 Vapor Pressures of Liquids and Solids 11.5 Boiling Points of Liquids 11.6 Energy and Changes of State 11.7 Phase Diagrams 11.8 Le Châtelier’s Principle and Changes of State 11.9 Determining Heats of Vaporization 11.10 Structures of Crystalline Solids 11.11 Determining the Structure of Solids 11.12 Crystal Types and Physical Properties Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 12 Mixtures at the Molecular Level: Properties of Solutions 12.1. Intermolecular Forces and the Formation of Solutions 12.2. Heats of Solution 12.3. Solubility as a Function of Temperature 12.4. Henry’s Law 12.5. Concentration Units 12.6. Colligative Properties 12.7. Heterogeneous Mixtures Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 13 Chemical Kinetics 13.1 Factors that Affect the Rate of Chemical Change 13.2 Measuring Reaction Rates 13.3 Rate Laws 13.4 Integrated Rate Laws 13.5 Molecular Basis of Collision Theory 13.6 Molecular Basis of Transition State Theory 13.7 Activation Energies 13.8 Mechanisms of Reactions 13.9 Catalysts Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 14 Chemical Equilibrium 14.1 Dynamic Equilibrium in Chemical Systems 14.2 Equilibrium Laws 14.3 Equilibrium Laws Based on Pressures or Concentrations 14.4 Equilibrium Laws for Heterogeneous Reactions 14.5 Position of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 14.6 Equilibrium and Le Châtelier’s Principle 14.7 Calculating Equilibrium Constants 14.8 Using Equilibrium Constants to Calculate Concentrations Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 15 Acids and Bases, A Molecular Look 15.1. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 15.2. Strengths of Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 15.3. Periodic Trends in the Strengths of Acids 15.4. Lewis Acids and Bases 15.5. Acid–Base Properties of Elements and Their Oxides 15.6. Advanced Ceramics and Acid–Base Chemistry Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 16 Acid–Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions 16.1 Water, pH, and “p” Notation 16.2 pH of Strong Acid and Base Solutions 16.3 Ionization Constants, Ka and Kb 16.4 Determining Ka and Kb Values 16.5 pH of Weak Acid and Weak Base Solutions 16.6 Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions 16.7 Buffer Solutions 16.8 Polyprotic Acids 16.9 Acid–Base Titrations Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 17 Solubility and Simultaneous Equilibria 17.1 Equilibria in Solutions of Slightly Soluble Salts 17.2 Solubility of Basic Salts Is Influenced by Acids 17.3 Equilibria in Solutions of Metal Oxides and Sulfides 17.4 Selective Precipitation 17.5 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 17.6 Complexation and Solubility Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 18 Thermodynamics 18.1 First Law of Thermodynamics 18.2 Spontaneous Change 18.3 Entropy 18.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 18.5 Third Law of Thermodynamics 18.6 Standard Free Energy Change, ΔG° 18.7 Maximum Work and ΔG 18.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium 18.9 Equilibrium Constants and ΔG° 18.10 Bond Energies Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 19 Electrochemistry 19.1 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells 19.2 Cell Potentials 19.3 Utilizing Standard Reduction Potentials 19.4 E°cell and ΔG° 19.5 Cell Potentials and Concentrations 19.6 Electricity 19.7 Electrolytic Cells 19.8 Electrolysis Stoichiometry 19.9 Practical Applications of Electrolysis Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 20 Nuclear Reactions and Their Role in Chemistry 20.1 Conservation of Mass and Energy 20.2 Nuclear Binding Energy 20.3 Radioactivity 20.4 Band of Stability 20.5 Transmutation 20.6 Measuring Radioactivity 20.7 Medical and Analytical Applications of Radionuclides 20.8 Nuclear Fission and Fusion Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 21 Metal Complexes 21.1 Complex Ions 21.2 Metal Complex Nomenclature 21.3 Coordination Number and Structure 21.4 Isomers of Metal Complexes 21.5 Bonding in Metal Complexes 21.6 Biological Functions of Metal Ions Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems 22 Organic Compounds, Polymers, and Biochemicals 22.1 Organic Structures and Functional Groups 22.2 Hydrocarbons: Structure, Nomenclature and Reactions 22.3 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen 22.4 Organic Derivatives of Ammonia 22.5 Organic Polymers 22.6 Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins 22.7 Nucleic Acids, DNA, and RNA Tools for Problem Solving Review Questions and Problems APPENDICES Appendix A: Review of Mathematics Appendix B: Answers to Practice Exercises and Selected Review Problems Appendix C: Tables of Selected Data Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z endpapers