Solar-Driven Green Hydrogen Generation and Storage

Description

Solar-Driven Green Hydrogen Generation and Storage presents the latest research and technologies in hydrogen generation through solar energy. With in-depth coverage of three key topics, the book discusses green hydrogen technologies, solid hydrogen storage, and the applications of hydrogen energy. The book begins with a deep dive into photoelectrochemical water splitting, examining different catalysts such as polymer-based catalysts and blue-titania catalysts. Subsequent chapters analyze hydrogen production techniques, including photobiological, thermochemical and biomass gasification methods. After reviewing key hydrogen storage technologies, the book finishes with a summary on the applications of hydrogen in various industry sectors. This is an essential resource for students, researchers and engineers interested in renewable energy, hydrogen production and energy storage. Front Cover Solar-Driven Green Hydrogen Generation and Storage Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Exploring the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) side of perovskite-based materials during photoelectrochemical wa 1. Introduction 2. Photo(electro)chemical mechanism of catalyst: Perovskite oxide materials 3. Double perovskites as HER catalysts 4. Tailoring double perovskites 5. Nano-structural engineering 6. Effect of A-site cation doping 7. Effect of B-site cation doping 8. Effect of anion doping 9. Effect of oxygen vacancies 10. Prospect and summary References Chapter 2: Phosphorene-based functional nanomaterials for photoelectrochemical water splitting 1. Introduction 2. About phosphorene 2.1. Black, blue, and green phosphorene: Characteristics and recent advances 2.2. Stability in air/water 3. Phosphorene functionalized nanomaterials for the PEC water splitting 3.1. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 3.2. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) 3.3. Bifunctional 4. Challenges, gaps, and perspectives Acknowledgment References Chapter 3: Polymer-based catalyst for photoelectrochemical water splitting 1. Introduction 2. Basic principles of PEC of water 2.1. Polymeric carbon nitride 2.2. Conjugated polymers and organic polymers 2.3. Heterostructures of polymers-based hybrids for overall water splitting 3. Conclusion References Chapter 4: Transition metal-based single-atom catalyst for photoelectrochemical water splitting 1. Introduction 2. Fundamental mechanism for water splitting reactions 2.1. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) 2.2. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) 3. Advantages of single-atom catalysts (SACs) 4. Transition metal-based single-atom catalysts for PEC water splitting 4.1. Nickel-based single-atom catalysts for PEC water splitting 4.2. Copper-based single-atom catalysts for PEC water splitting 4.3. Cobalt-based single-atom catalysts for PEC water splitting 4.4. Palladium-based single-atom catalysts for PEC water splitting 5. Future perspectives and conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 5: Clathrate hydrate as a potential medium for hydrogen storage application 1. Introduction 2. Clathrate hydrate structures specific to hydrogen hydrate 3. The thermodynamic aspect of hydrogen clathrate 4. Kinetic aspects of hydrogen clathrate hydrate 5. Storing hydrogen in the presence of THF and promoters with a tuning effect 6. Modeling of hydrogen clathrate hydrates 7. Conclusion and future direction References Chapter 6: Advanced carbon-based nanomaterials for photoelectrochemical water splitting 1. Introduction 2. Performance evaluation of electrocatalysts 2.1. Activity 2.2. Stability 2.3. Efficiency 3. Different carbon materials 3.1. Graphene 3.2. Graphitic carbon nitride 3.3. Carbon quantum dots 3.4. Fullerene 3.5. Carbon nanotubes 4. Enhancing the properties of carbon-based materials 4.1. Surface functionalization 4.2. Doping 4.3. Interface engineering 5. Conclusions and future outlook References Chapter 7: MXene-transition metal compound sulfide and phosphide hetero-nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitt 1. Introduction 2. Synthetic routes to MXene-based hetero-nanostructures 3. Photoelectrochemical water-splitting application 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 8: Design and advances of semiconductors for photoelectrochemical water-splitting 1. Introduction 2. Principle of water-splitting 3. Photoelectrode materials 3.1. Pure metal oxides as semiconductors 3.2. Metal chalcogenides as semiconductors 3.3. Modified semiconductors and composites 3.4. Hybrid organic-inorganic semiconductors 4. Tandem reaction setup 5. Conclusion and outlook References Chapter 9: Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells in water splitting 1. Introduction 2. Device architecture 2.1. Chromophores 2.2. Water oxidation catalyst (WOC) 2.3. Adsorbing group 2.4. Electrolyte 2.5. Semiconductor oxide 3. Working principle of DSPECs 4. Dye-sensitized photoanodes for water splitting cells 4.1. Photoanode materials 5. Dye-sensitized photocathodes for water splitting cells 5.1. Photocathode materials 6. Tandem DSPECs for water splitting 7. Conclusion and outlook References Chapter 10: Photobiological hydrogen production: Introduction and fundamental concept 1. Introduction 2. Fundamental concepts of photobiological hydrogen generation 2.1. Direct biophotolysis 2.2. Indirect biophotolysis 2.3. Photofermentation 3. Enzymes involved in photobiohydrogen generation 3.1. Hydrogenase 3.1.1. Classification of hydrogenase enzyme 3.1.2. [NiFe] Hydrogenase 3.1.3. [FeFe] Hydrogenases 3.1.4. [Fe] Hydrogenases 3.2. Nitrogenase 4. Modulation of factors affecting photobiological hydrogen production 4.1. Role of genetic modification 4.2. Role of metabolic modulation 4.3. Choice of substrates/nutrients 4.4. Co-culture and immobilization 4.5. Integrated systems 4.6. Photobioreactor design 5. Challenges and future prospects 6. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 11: Biological hydrogen production driven by photo-fermentation processes 1. Introduction 2. Biological hydrogen production by photo-fermentation process 2.1. Direct bio-photolysis 2.2. Indirect bio-photolysis 3. Photo-fermentation process 3.1. Effect of substrate 3.2. Role of nitrogen source 3.3. Effect of light illumination 3.4. Effect of metal ions and minerals 4. Hydrogen production from waste 4.1. Hydrogen production from waste containing organic acid and sugar 5. Future perspectives 6. Conclusion References Chapter 12: Photobiological hydrogen production by microorganisms 1. Introduction 2. Different mechanism of production of photobiological hydrogen 2.1. Direct photolysis 2.2. Indirect photolysis 2.3. Photofermentation 2.4. Dark fermentation 3. Photobiological H2 production by hydrogenase and nitrogenase 3.1. Hydrogenases 3.2. Nitrogenases 4. Bioreactor systems in photobiological hydrogen production 5. Bioreactors incorporating cyanobacteria and green algae 6. Feedstocks for photobiological hydrogen production 7. Advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of using photobiological methods 7.1. Advantages 7.2. Disadvantages 7.3. Challenges 8. Conclusion References Further reading Chapter 13: Photobiological production of hydrogen from biomass 1. Introduction 2. Mechanism of photo-biohydrogen production 2.1. Nitrogenase 2.2. Hydrogenase 3. Photobiological hydrogen production technologies 4. Direct biophotolysis 5. Indirect photolysis 5.1. Dark fermentation 5.2. Photofermentation 6. Microbial biomass as feedstock for biohydrogen production 7. Experimental conditions and approaches to enhance biohydrogen production 7.1. Genetic engineering of microorganisms to improve their hydrogen production capacity 8. Bioreactors for commercial biohydrogen production 9. Conclusion References Chapter 14: Challenges in scaling low-carbon hydrogen production in Europe 1. Hydrogen requirements in Europe to achieve net zero emissions 1.1. Global projections 1.2. Hydrogen's role in the net zero emissions (NZE) scenario 1.3. The strategy in the EU 2. Hydrogen production and use 2.1. Hydrogen applications 2.2. Centralized vs. distributed hydrogen production 2.3. Hydrogen valleys 3. Blue hydrogen 3.1. CO2 sequestration technology 3.1.1. Capture of CO2 3.1.2. Transportation 3.1.3. Storage 3.2. CCS facilities 3.3. Regulatory/political position in Europe of CCS 3.4. Viable blue hydrogen route 3.5. Challenges for blue hydrogen 4. Green hydrogen 4.1. Renewable energy sources 4.2. Transport and storage 4.3. Current projects 4.3.1. SINES Portugal 4.3.2. HyDeal Spain 4.4. Regulatory/political position in Europe 4.4.1. EU hydrogen strategy 4.4.2. Policies that incentivize the investigation and application of hydrogen as a source of energy in Portugal 4.5. Challenges for green hydrogen 5. Conclusions References Chapter 15: Photobioreactor for hydrogen production 1. Introduction 2. Photobioreactors for hydrogen production 2.1. Shaking flasks 2.2. Stirred tank 2.3. Horizontal tubular 2.4. Coiled tubular 2.5. Vertical tubular 2.6. Immobilization 2.7. Flat panel 3. Materials used for different components of the photobioreactor 4. Metals used for construction 4.1. Coating 4.2. Glass 4.3. Photobioreactors incorporating cyanobacteria 4.4. Photobioreactors which use green algae References Chapter 16: Thermochemical hydrogen production 1. Introduction 2. Thermochemical conversion of biomass into hydrogen 2.1. Pyrolysis and gasification 2.1.1. Biomass pyrolysis process 2.1.2. Biomass gasification process 2.1.3. Supercritical water gasification of biomass 2.1.4. Chemical looping gasification of biomass 2.2. Steam reforming process 2.2.1. Using biomass-derived feedstock 3. Conclusion References Chapter 17: Hydrogen production driven by nuclear energy 1. Introduction 2. Nuclear energy 3. Energy obtained from the nuclear energy 3.1. Electricity generation 3.1.1. Alkaline electrolysis 3.1.2. Proton exchange membrane electrolysis 3.1.3. Solid oxide electrolyzer 3.1.4. High-temperature electrolysis 3.2. Thermochemical process 3.2.1. Sulfur-iodine (SI) cycle 3.2.2. Integration of sulfur-iodine (SI) cycle to nuclear reactor 4. Life cycle assessment 5. Conclusion and future perspective References Chapter 18: Hydrogen production driven by seawater electrolysis 1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals of water splitting 3. Challenges for seawater electrolysis 4. Electrocatalysts for seawater electrolysis 4.1. Anode materials for saline water electrolysis 4.2. Cathodes for hydrogen evolution in seawater 5. Electrolyzer design for water splitting 6. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 19: Prospects and challenges for the green hydrogen market 1. Hydrogen production and economy decarbonization 1.1. Green hydrogen 1.2. Water electrolysis 2. Challenges 2.1. Technical challenges 2.2. Infrastructure 2.3. Economics 2.4. Legal and policy framework 3. Hydrogen storage 3.1. Pressure tanks 3.2. Liquid hydrogen storage 3.3. Metal hydrides 3.4. Cryo-compressed storage 3.5. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers 4. Hydrogen distribution 5. Uses of hydrogen in industry 5.1. Ammonia production 5.2. E-fuels 5.3. Refineries 5.4. Iron and steel industry 6. Green hydrogen in the energy transition 7. Blockchains of green hydrogen 8. Hydrogen market 8.1. Policy making 9. Ongoing projects 9.1. The green pipeline project 9.2. The Iberdrola-Fertiberia project 9.3. REFHYNE-Green refinery hydrogen for Europe 9.4. ITEG-Integrating tidal energy into the European grid in the Orkney Islands 9.5. GreenH2Atlantic 10. Conclusions References Chapter 20: Hydrogen production from biomass gasification 1. Introduction 2. Hydrogen production from biomass gasification process 2.1. Biomass steam gasification 2.2. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass 2.2.1. Thermophysical property of SCW 2.2.2. Contribution of water in SCWG 2.2.3. Application of catalysts 3. Conclusions References Chapter 21: Approach toward economical hydrogen storage 1. Introduction 2. Technologies available for hydrogen storage 2.1. Physical techniques for hydrogen storage 2.1.1. Compressed gaseous hydrogen storage technique 2.1.2. Liquid hydrogen technique 2.1.3. Cryo-adsorption of hydrogen using high surface area materials Zeolites as adsorbent for hydrogen storage Carbonaceous materials for hydrogen storage Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for hydrogen storage Polymers for hydrogen storage 3. Chemical storage techniques 3.1. Inorganic chemical hydrides 3.1.1. Chemolysis of the metal hydrides (hydrolysis, aminolysis) 3.1.2. Thermolysis of metal hydride 3.1.3. Nanocomposites materials for hydrogen storage Magnesium-based nanocomposite materials Li-N-H system Li-M-N-H (M=alkaline earth abundant metals) Li-p-block elements-H-based hydrogen storage system Lithium-carbon-hydrogen system Lithium-aluminum-hydrogen system 3.1.4. Mixed systems containing p-block and alkaline earth metals along with LiH 3.2. Carbonaceous materials for hydrogen storage 3.3. Liquid hydride materials 3.3.1. Ammonia and related compounds 3.3.2. Formic acid and methanol 3.3.3. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) 3.4. Alloys for hydrogen storage 4. Conclusions References Chapter 22: Power-paste hydrogen storage technologies 1. Introduction 1.1. Salient features of magnesium hydride 1.2. Shortcoming of magnesium hydride-based system 2. Hydrolysis of magnesium hydride 3. Techniques used for enhancing the hydrolysis rates 3.1. Addition of acids to the MgH2 solution 3.2. Addition of oxides, hydride, amides, and borohydride solution 3.3. Addition of metal halides (MClx and MFx) 3.4. Addition of carbon and metal sulfide-based materials 3.5. Addition metal alloys to the magnesium hydrides 3.5.1. Magnesium-based alloys with earth abundant metals 3.5.2. Magnesium-based alloys with rare earth metals 4. Conclusions References Chapter 23: Advanced nanomaterials for hydrogen storage 1. Introduction 2. Overview of H2 production techniques 3. Characteristics to improve hydrogen storage capacity 3.1. Kubas interaction 3.2. Hydrogen spillover 4. DFT study for the evaluation of nanomaterials for hydrogen storage 5. Hydrogen storage in nanomaterials 5.1. Metal hydrides 5.1.1. Mg-based H2 storage materials 5.2. Carbonaceous materials 6. Conclusions and future demands References Chapter 24: Application of hydrogen in various sectors 1. Introduction 2. Hydrogen economy 3. Hydrogen applications 3.1. Petroleum refining 3.2. Fertilizer industry 3.3. Food industry 3.4. Medical/pharmaceutical industry 3.5. Aviation 3.6. Power generation 3.7. Fuel cell technology 3.8. Metallurgical industry 3.9. Marine industry 3.10. Electronic industry 4. Conclusion References Chapter 25: Application of machine learning approach for green hydrogen 1. Introduction 2. Hydrogen production methods and types of hydrogen 2.1. Types of hydrogen 3. Water-splitting mechanism and role of catalysts 3.1. Water-splitting mechanism 3.1.1. HER and OER 3.2. Role of catalysts in water-splitting mechanism 3.2.1. Activity 3.2.2. Stability 3.2.3. Efficiency 3.3. Catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction 4. Importance of various statistical and computational approaches in green hydrogen generation 4.1. Response surface methodology and artificial neural network 4.2. Response surface methodology (RSM) 4.3. Artificial neural network 5. Summary and outlook References Index Back Cover