Marine Biotechnology: Applications in Food, Drugs and Energy

Description

This contributed volume covers the applications of marine biotechnology for food, drugs and energy production using marine resources. It introduces many aspects of marine biotechnology, including bioenergy, pharmaceutical development, food security from mariculture, pollution handling, legal issues and conflicts. Information in the book is accompanied by clear images, flow charts, quantitative and qualitative data. Marine biotechnology is essential for realizing the previously untapped potential of marine bio-resources. These resources are used to develop innovative goods and procedures that aid in the global management of food, energy, and disease management. The development of innovative tools and solutions for more sustainable marine environmental management is another important section of this title. This reference book is of interest to teachers, researchers, and climate change scientists. It serves as an additional reading material for college, undergraduate, and graduate students of marine science and aquaculture. This is also a good research guide for food and fishing industry scientists. Preface Contents About the Editors List of Contributors 1: Marine Biotechnology: A Frontier for the Discovery of Nutraceuticals, Energy, and Its Role in Meeting Twenty-First Century ... 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Food 1.3 Nutraceuticals 1.4 Bioenergy 1.5 Cultivation and Sustainable Collection Methods 1.6 Recommendations 1.7 Conclusion References 2: Biotechnological Utilization of the Marine Environment for Food, Drugs, and Energy 2.1 Marine Biotechnology 2.2 Aquatic Environment 2.3 Applications in Food 2.3.1 Macroalgae 2.3.2 Microalgae 2.3.3 Bacteria, Archaea, and Fungi 2.3.4 Thraustochytrids 2.3.5 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Farming 2.3.5.1 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Breeding 2.3.5.2 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Feed 2.3.5.3 Bioremediation 2.3.5.4 Transgenesis 2.3.5.5 Biotechnology´s Role in Fish Health Management 2.4 Applications in Drug 2.4.1 Metazoans 2.4.2 Microalgae 2.4.3 Bacteria and Archaea 2.4.4 Fungi 2.4.5 Thraustochytrids 2.5 Applications in Energy 2.5.1 Microalgae 2.5.2 Thraustochytrids 2.6 Formation of Secondary Metabolism Molecules Using Biotechnological Techniques 2.7 A Genetic Engineering Approach to Marine Organisms 2.8 Marine Metagenomic Approach 2.9 Conclusion References 3: Grouper Hybridization: An Effective Biotechnological Tool for Food Security 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Biotechnology in Aquaculture 3.3 Hybridization 3.4 Grouper Hybridization 3.4.1 Method to Produce Grouper Hybridization 3.4.1.1 Selection 3.4.1.2 Hormone Injection 3.4.1.3 Cryopreservation 3.4.1.4 Egg and Larval Development of Hybrid Grouper 3.5 Biotechnology to Improve Quality of Grouper 3.5.1 Feed 3.5.2 Health and Disease 3.5.3 Water Quality 3.6 Conclusion References 4: The Application of Molecular Markers inFish Breeding and Aquaculture 4.1 Introduction to Molecular Markers 4.2 Attributes of Genomic Molecular Markers for Application inAquaculture and Breeding 4.3 Quantitative Traits of Relevance to Aquaculture 4.4 Recruitment of Broodstock from Wild Populations Based on Molecular Markers 4.5 Factors to Consider When Developing Molecular Markers 4.6 Development of Molecular Markers Based on Genomic Data 4.7 Molecular Markers in Breeding Programs 4.8 Software Used for Analysis of Data from Breeding Experiments 4.9 Factors Affecting the Application of Molecular Markers 4.10 Future Direction References 5: Aquaculture and Applications of Green Seaweeds of the Genus Caulerpa J.V. Lamouroux, 1809 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Taxonomy, Ecology, and Distribution of Genus Caulerpa 5.3 Nutritional Content 5.4 Aquaculture 5.5 Applications of Caulerpa Species 5.6 Conclusion References 6: Potential and Challenges of Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra Mariculture in Sabah, Malaysia 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Importance of Sea Cucumbers to the Local Fishing Community 6.2.1 Holothuria scabra 6.2.2 Spawning Behaviour of H. scabra 6.3 Environmental Conditions and the Reproductive Cycle 6.4 Aquaculture and Seed Production 6.5 Sandfish Farming 6.6 Sea Ranching and Stock Enhancement Programme 6.7 Conclusion References 7: Sea Cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) Species Diversity on the West Coast of Sabah, Malaysia 7.1 Sea Cucumber and Its Production in Malaysia 7.2 Biological Characteristics and Life Cycle 7.3 Nutritional and Medicinal Value 7.4 Morphology and Taxonomy of Sea Cucumber 7.5 Sea Cucumber Species Diversity and Distribution 7.6 Conclusion References 8: Sea Cucumbers: Source of Nutritional, Medicinal, and Cosmeceutical Products 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nutritional Source 8.3 Medicinal Source 8.3.1 Healing Activity 8.3.2 Neurological Protection 8.3.3 Anti-Coagulant 8.3.4 Antioxidant 8.3.5 Anticancer 8.3.6 Antifungal and Antiparasitic 8.3.7 Antibacterial 8.3.8 Anticholesterol 8.3.9 Combined Benefits 8.4 Cosmeceutical Source 8.5 Conclusion References 9: Marine Biotechnology and Its Applications in Drug Discovery 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Marine: Homeland of Diversified Organism 9.3 Marine: Homeland of Unique Metabolites 9.4 Biotechnology: A Tool for Exploring Marine Drugs 9.5 Marine Bioactive Compounds Used as Drugs 9.6 Marine Biotechnology Drugs Against Various Diseases 9.6.1 Marine Drugs as Anti-cancer Agents 9.6.2 Marine Drugs for Cardiovascular Diseases 9.6.3 Marine Drugs for Diabetes 9.6.4 Marine Drugs for Malaria 9.7 Future Perspective 9.8 Conclusion References 10: Bacteriophage as Therapeutic Strategy Against Pathogenic Vibrio 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bacteriophages 10.3 Bacteriophage Therapy 10.3.1 Bacteriophage Therapy in Aquaculture 10.3.2 Bacteriophage´s Benefits and Drawbacks 10.4 Selection of Bacteriophage Therapy Candidate 10.4.1 Lytic to Host 10.4.2 Host Specificity 10.4.3 Identification of Bacteriophage 10.4.4 Absence of Virulence Factor 10.4.5 Environmental Stability 10.5 Conclusion References 11: Bacterial Diversity in the Marine Environment and the Cutting-Edge Tools for Isolation, Identification and Characterizatio... 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Co-inhabiting Niches for Marine Bacteria 11.2.1 Mangroves 11.2.2 Marine Sponges: A Niche for Marine Bacteria 11.2.3 Algae-Bacteria Association 11.2.4 Fish 11.3 Tools for the Identification of Marine Bacteria 11.3.1 Culturomics 11.3.2 Culture-Independent Method (Metagenomics) 11.4 Application of Marine Bacteria in the Medicinal Industry References 12: Biotechnological Applications of Jellyfish-Derived Products 12.1 Introduction to Jellyfish 12.2 Collagen 12.2.1 Collagen Structure 12.2.2 Types of Collagen 12.2.3 Collagen in Marine Organisms 12.3 Current Studies in Jellyfish Collagen 12.4 Jellyfish Collagen Extraction Methods 12.4.1 Acid-Soluble Collagen (ASC) 12.4.2 Pepsin-Soluble Collagen (PSC) 12.4.3 Other Known Methods 12.5 Toxicity of Jellyfish Collagen 12.6 Applications of Jellyfish Collagen 12.6.1 Nutraceuticals 12.6.2 Cosmeceuticals 12.6.3 Pharmaceuticals 12.7 Future Perspectives References 13: Application of Biotechnology in White Syndrome Coral Disease Identification 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Tioman Island Marine Park 13.3 Coral Disease Survey and Sample Collection 13.4 Coral Disease and Signs of Compromised Health Recorded in Tioman Island 13.5 Biochemical Technique 13.5.1 Bacterial Isolation and Biochemical Identification 13.5.2 Bacterial Identification Based on API20NE Kit 13.5.3 Biochemical Identification of Vibrio spp. 13.6 Molecular Technique 13.6.1 Bacterial Identification Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing 13.6.2 Molecular Phylogenetic Tree of Bacterial Species 13.6.3 Molecular Identification and Prevalence of Vibrio Bacterial Pathogens 13.7 Histological Method 13.7.1 WS Coral Tissue Analysis 13.7.2 Histological Comparisons of WS Diseased and Healthy Coral 13.7.3 Histological Differences Between WS Diseased and Healthy Coral Tissue 13.8 Conclusion References 14: The Synergy of Remote Sensing in Marine Invasion Science 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Biological Invasions Associated with Aquaculture and Shipping Industries 14.1.2 Aspects of Invasive Species Detection 14.1.3 Marine Remote Sensing Limitations in Invasion Science 14.1.4 Specific Metrics of Invasion Science 14.1.5 Change Detection in Invasion Science 14.2 Invasion Science Information Sharing 14.3 Conclusions References 15: The Utilization of Agro-Based Wastes by Marine Phototrophic Microbes 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Phototrophic Microbes 15.3 The Potential of Agro-Based Wastes 15.4 PNSB in the Utilization of Agro-Based Waste 15.4.1 Assessment of the SPW as a Substrate in the Production of Bacterial Biomass 15.4.2 The Characteristics of SPW Use as a Media in the Production of Rv. sulfidophilum Bacterium Biomass 15.4.3 Rv. sulfidophilum in the Utilization of SPW 15.4.3.1 Culture of Rv. sulfidophilum in Unsettled SPW 15.4.4 Utilization of Settled SPW by Rv. sulfidophilum with Two Different Levels (10% and 15%) of Inoculum 15.4.5 Utilization of Unsettled SPW by Rv. sulfidophilum with Two Different (15% and 20%) Levels of Inoculum 15.4.6 Utilization of Non-sterilized, Undiluted, Settled SPW with Rv. sulfidophilum in Different Culture Conditions 15.5 Conclusions References 16: Artificial Intelligence Methods in Marine Biotechnology 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Different Types of AI 16.2 Applications of AI in the Marine Field 16.3 Artificial Intelligence in Marine Remote Sensing 16.3.1 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Monitoring 16.3.2 Artificial Intelligence in Marine Monitoring 16.4 Blue Technology and Its Significance 16.5 AI in the Development of Drug Discovery in Marine Organisms 16.6 Deep Learning Methods in Marine Science Applications 16.7 Conclusion References