Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources

Description

This book brings together chapters related to sustainable utilization of biological resources, including in situ and ex situ conservation of rare, endangered, and threatened plants. The title also gives a special emphasis on marine sponges and mangrove ecosystems, which are two important untapped potential resources of the marine ecosystem and play a key role in maintaining the marine ecosystem. There is an urgent need for the conservation, exploration and utilization of bioresources for the growth and survival of human beings. Due to the significant reduction in biological resources, many countries are developing strategic action plans for the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. That is where this book fills the gap by discussing the significant development of new products and methodologies for sustainable utilization of these resources. This book also unveils a world of novel bioactive molecules from medicinal plants and the marine ecosystem and explains how drug design pipelines can advance modern drug development. The target audiences for this book include biodiversity researchers who are working on technology and bioresource management issues and faculty and students in the environment research areas and Biodiversity conservation. Foreword Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Chapter 1: Bioresources and Diversity 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Microbial Diversity: Generalities and Importance 1.2.1 Culturable and Nonculturable Microorganisms 1.2.2 Metagenomics 1.2.3 Metagenomic Tools for Microorganism Identification 1.2.4 Sustainable Use 1.3 Legumes-A Road Map for Sustainable Future Food Security 1.3.1 Legumes: Origin, Domestication, and Production 1.3.2 Legumes-Nutritional Properties and Health Benefits 1.3.3 Proteins and Amino Acids 1.3.4 Carbohydrates, Micronutrients, and Fats 1.3.5 Legumes and Climate Smart Agriculture 1.4 Bioresources as Nutraceuticals 1.4.1 Categories of Nutraceuticals 1.4.1.1 Dietary Fibre 1.4.1.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) 1.4.1.3 Probiotics and Prebiotics 1.4.1.4 Antioxidant Vitamins 1.4.1.5 Polyphenols 1.4.1.6 Spices 1.5 Natural Antimicrobial Agents 1.6 Natural Anticancer Agents 1.7 Natural Sources of Hepatoprotective Agents 1.8 Industrial Applications of Bioresources 1.9 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Plant Resources and Functional Foods 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Roles of Functional Foods 2.3 Plants Resources as Functional Foods 2.3.1 Tomatoes 2.3.2 Flaxseed 2.3.3 Soybean 2.3.4 Citrus Fruits 2.3.5 Broccoli 2.3.6 Green Tea 2.3.7 Almonds 2.3.8 Cereals 2.3.9 Ginger 2.3.10 Cocoa 2.3.11 Berries 2.3.12 Olive 2.3.13 Turmeric 2.4 Benefits 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Insight of Bioresources from Lower Plant Groups: Reconciling the Possibilities and Responsibilities 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Tradable Bioresources and Products from Lower Groups 3.2.1 Bacteria 3.2.2 Algae 3.2.3 Fungi 3.2.4 Lichens 3.2.5 Bryophytes 3.2.5.1 Tradable Species from Bryophytes 3.2.6 Pteridophytes 3.2.7 Gymnosperms 3.2.7.1 Industrial Uses of Gymnosperms References Chapter 4: Nutraceutical Potential of Underutilized Wild Edible Fruits Endemic to Western Ghats in Southern India 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Underutilized Fruits in India 4.3 Western Ghats: Hottest Hot-Spot 4.3.1 Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz 4.3.2 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. 4.3.3 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. 4.3.4 Carissa spinarum L. 4.3.5 Ziziphus rugosa Lamk. 4.3.6 Berberis tinctoria Lesch. 4.3.7 Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. 4.3.8 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Alt.) 4.3.9 Rubus ellipticus Smith 4.3.10 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels 4.4 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Microgreens: A Future Super Food 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Microgreens 5.3 Plant Seeds Used for Microgreen Cultivation 5.4 Mode of Cultivation of Microgreens 5.5 Nutritional Composition and Health Benefits of Microgreens 5.6 Food Quality of Microgreens and Safety in Consumption 5.7 Best Pre and Postharvest Practices for Microgreens 5.8 Microgreen Market Challenges 5.9 Microgreens: The Future Food References Chapter 6: Wild-Edible Tubers and Rhizomes of South Western Ghats, India 6.1 Wild-Edible Tubers and Rhizomes 6.2 Methodology in Brief 6.3 Results 6.3.1 Wild-Edible Tubers and Rhizomes of South Western Ghats 6.3.1.1 Alocasia longiloba Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. II. 207. 1855. (Araceae) (Fig. 6.1a) 6.3.1.2 Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivad. & N. Mohanan, Blumea 39: 295. 1994 (Araceae) 6.3.1.3 Amorphophallus nicolsonianus Sivad., Pl. Syst. Evol. 153:165. 1986. (Araceae) (Fig. 6.1b) 6.3.1.4 Arisaema subulatum Manudev & Nampy, Rheedea 29 (2): 166.2019 (Araceae) (Fig. 6.1d, e) 6.3.1.5 Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4 [Willdenow] 2 (1): 152 (1799) (Asparagaceae) (Fig. 6.1c) 6.3.1.6 Ceropegia fimbriifera Bedd., Madras J. Lit. Sci. ser. 3, 1: 53. 1864 (Apocynaceae) (Fig. 6.1f) 6.3.1.7 Chlorophytum indicum (Willd.) Dress, Baileya 9: 43. 1961. (Asparagaceae) (Fig. 6.1g) 6.3.1.8 Curcuma amada var. glabra Velay., Unnikr., Asha & Maya, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 33(1): 164 (2009). (Zingiberaceae) (Fig. ... 6.3.1.9 Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines, Forest Fl. Chota Nagpur 530 (1910). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.2b, c) 6.3.1.10 Dioscorea bulbifera L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1033 (1753) (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.2d) 6.3.1.11 Dioscorea hamiltonii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India [J. D. Hooker] 6(18): 295 (1892). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.2e) 6.3.1.12 Dioscorea hispida Dennst., Schlüssel Hortus Malab. 15, 20, 33 (1818). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.2f) 6.3.1.13 Dioscorea intermedia Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. [Thwaites] 326 (1864). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.3a) 6.3.1.14 Dioscorea kalkapershadii Prain & Burkill, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 10: 24, hybr. (1914). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.3... 6.3.1.15 Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1033 (1753). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.3c) 6.3.1.16 Dioscorea pentaphylla L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1032 (1753). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.3d) 6.3.1.17 Dioscorea pubera Blume, Enum. Pl. Javae 1: 21 (1827). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.3e) 6.3.1.18 Dioscorea spicata Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 371 (1821). (Dioscoreaceae) 6.3.1.19 Dioscorea tomentosa Spreng., Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 2: 92 (1815). (Dioscoreaceae) 6.3.1.20 Dioscorea wallichii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India [J. D. Hooker] 6(18): 295, in syn. (1892). (Dioscoreaceae) 6.3.1.21 Dioscorea wightii Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India [J. D. Hooker] 6(18): 291 (1892). (Dioscoreaceae) (Fig. 6.4a) 6.3.1.22 Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem., Hort. Hafn. 1: 231. 1813 (Leeaceae) (Fig. 6.4b) 6.3.1.23 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Fruct. Sem. Pl. i. 73 (1788). (Nelumbonaceae) (Fig. 6.4c) 6.3.1.24 Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f., Fl. Ind. (N. L. Burman) 120 (1768). (Nymphaeaceae) (Fig. 6.4d) 6.4 Summary References Chapter 7: Medicinal Plants as Control for Prevalent and Infectious Diseases 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Plant Metabolites: Key Target Players 7.2.1 Flavonoids 7.2.2 Alkaloids 7.2.3 Terpenes 7.2.4 Phenolics and Polyphenols 7.3 Mechanism of Phytochemicals´ Action 7.4 New Therapeutic Strategies for the Development of Drugs 7.4.1 Antimicrobial Activity 7.4.1.1 Efflux Pump Inhibitory Activity 7.4.1.2 Plant Extracts with Bacterial Quorum Sensing (QS) Inhibitory Activity 7.4.2 Plant Extracts with Biofilm Inhibitory Activity 7.4.3 Antiparasitic Activity 7.4.4 Medicinal Plants with Anti-infectious Activity 7.4.5 Medicinal Plants with Antimalarial Activity 7.4.5.1 Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter 7.4.5.2 Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. 7.4.5.3 Syzygium aromaticum (L) 7.4.6 Medicinal Plants with Activity Against Dengue 7.4.6.1 Boesenbergia rotunda 7.4.6.2 Euphorbia hirta 7.4.6.3 Psidium guajava 7.4.6.4 Allium sativum (Garlic) 7.4.7 Antimicrobial Activity 7.4.8 Antiviral Activity 7.4.9 Anthelminthic and Antiparasitic Activity 7.4.9.1 .Achillea santolina 7.4.9.2 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (Lemongrass) 7.4.9.3 Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) 7.4.9.4 Asparagus officinalis L. 7.4.9.5 Alhagi maurorum 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Coral Reef: A Hot Spot of Marine Biodiversity 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Major Reef Areas 8.2.1 Coral Reefs in South Asia 8.2.2 Coral Reefs of India 8.3 Coral Reefs: The Marine Hot Spots 8.3.1 World Distribution of Coral Reef Hot Spots 8.3.2 World List of Coral Reef Hot Spots 8.3.2.1 The Philippines 8.3.2.2 The Sundaland Hot Spot 8.3.2.3 The Wallacea Hot Spot 8.3.2.4 Gulf of Guinea 8.3.2.5 Southern Mascarene Islands 8.3.2.6 Eastern South Africa 8.3.2.7 North Indian Ocean 8.3.2.8 Southern Japan, Taiwan, and Southern China 8.3.2.9 Cape Verde Islands 8.3.2.10 Western Caribbean 8.3.2.11 The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 8.4 Significance of Coral Reefs 8.4.1 Provisioning Services 8.4.2 Medicinal Values 8.4.3 Regulating Services 8.4.4 Supporting Services 8.4.5 Cultural Services 8.5 Threats to Coral Reefs 8.5.1 Seawater Temperature Increase and Bleaching 8.5.2 Ocean Acidification 8.5.3 Sedimentation 8.5.4 Crown-of-Thorns (COT´s) Starfish Outbreaks 8.5.5 Nutrients 8.5.6 Extreme Climatic Events 8.5.7 Tourism 8.5.8 Fishery Activities 8.5.9 Microplastics 8.6 Strategies for Conservation 8.6.1 Direct Transplantation 8.6.2 Coral Gardening 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9: The Seaweed a Gold Mine for Drugs 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Distribution of Seaweeds 9.3 Classification of Seaweeds 9.4 Morphology and Anatomy of Seaweeds 9.5 Ethnobotanical Study of Seaweeds 9.6 Nutraceutical and Biomedical Aspects of Seaweeds 9.7 Applications of Seaweeds in Pharmaceuticals and Medicine 9.7.1 Antiviral Activity 9.7.2 Antibacterial Activity 9.7.3 Antifungal Activity 9.7.4 Antioxidant Activity 9.7.5 Antibiotics 9.8 Novel Drugs Developed from Seaweed Extract 9.9 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Mangroves: An Underutilized Gene Pool to Combat Salinity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Salt Stress Tolerance 10.3 Morphology of Roots and Aerial Parts 10.4 Chromatin Modifications and Epigenetics in Salt Tolerance 10.5 Small RNAs 10.6 Nanoparticles 10.7 Species and Mechanisms 10.8 Promoters of Halophytic Genes and Transgene Expression 10.9 Salt-Responsive Genes in Halophytes and Salt Tolerance in Transgenics 10.10 Mangrove Genes for Salt Tolerance 10.11 Salinity Tolerance in Crop Species 10.12 Phenotyping Technologies for Comprehensive Salt Stress Phenotyping 10.13 Harnessing the Genetic Diversity of Exotic Germplasm 10.14 Single-Step GWAS as New GWAS Technique (ssGWAS) 10.15 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 11: Plant Conservation Associated with Traditional Knowledge: Past and Future 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Traditional Knowledge and Flora 11.1.2 Human Civilization and the Roles of Plants 11.1.3 Applications of Traditional Knowledge About Plants 11.2 Biodiversity Loss and the Need for Plant Conservation 11.3 Conventional Methods for Conservation of Plants Associated with TK 11.3.1 Knowledge Bearers 11.3.2 Sacred Flora 11.3.3 Domestication and Conservation 11.3.4 Selective and Seasonal Harvesting of Plant Parts 11.3.5 Deadwood Collection 11.3.6 Protection of Plants at the Burial Site 11.4 Modern Methods for Conservation of Plants Associated with Traditional Knowledge 11.4.1 In Situ Conservation 11.4.2 Ex Situ Conservation 11.4.3 Joint Forest Management (JFM) 11.4.4 Existing Legislation for Biodiversity Conservation 11.4.5 Organizations for Plant Conservation 11.5 Future of Plant Conservation Associated with Traditional Knowledge 11.5.1 International Initiatives 11.5.2 Ethnobotanical Surveys and Taxonomical Identification 11.5.3 Scientific Documentation of Traditional Knowledge 11.5.4 Biodiversity Register for each Province 11.5.5 Barcoding 11.5.6 Diversifying the Dietary Selections of Humans 11.5.7 Alternative Therapeutic Plants 11.5.8 Sustainable Harvest 11.5.9 Implementation of Stringent Legislation 11.5.10 Sustainable Farming Practices Conserving Traditional Crop Varieties 11.5.11 Awareness Programs 11.5.12 Establishment of Miyawaki Forests, Including Ethnomedicinal Plants 11.5.13 Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) 11.5.14 Prevention of Biopiracy 11.6 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Conservation of Landraces and Indigenous Breeds: An Investment for the Future 12.1 Introduction 12.2 An Overview of Landraces and Indigenous Breeds 12.3 A Kaleidoscopic World View of Landraces and Indigenous Breeds 12.4 Conservation of Landraces and Indigenous Breeds 12.5 Conservation Of Indigenous Breeds: Indian Scenario 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Conservation and Management of Mangrove Ecosystem in Diverse Perspectives 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Geographical Distribution 13.2.1 Asia 13.2.2 Africa 13.2.3 American Continents 13.2.4 Oceania 13.3 Biodiversity of Mangrove Ecosystem 13.3.1 Mangrove Flora and Fauna 13.3.2 Microbial Diversity 13.3.2.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria 13.3.2.2 Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria 13.3.2.3 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria 13.3.2.4 Photosynthetic Anoxygenic Bacteria 13.3.2.5 Methanogenic Bacteria 13.3.2.6 Fungi 13.4 Degradation of Mangrove Forest 13.4.1 Aquaculture 13.4.2 Coastal Development 13.4.3 Climate Change 13.4.3.1 Sea-Level Rise 13.4.3.2 Storminess 13.4.3.3 Precipitation 13.4.3.4 Temperature 13.4.4 Deforestation of Mangroves 13.4.5 Extinction 13.5 Conservation of Mangroves: The Need of the Hour 13.5.1 Stabilization of Shoreline 13.5.2 Deep Drainage/Deep Percolation 13.5.3 Regulation of Water Flow 13.5.4 Sediment Deposition and Nutrient Retention 13.5.5 Carbon Sequestration 13.5.6 Protection of Habitat and Biodiversity 13.5.7 Gene Bank 13.5.8 Nutrient Cycling 13.6 Tools for Mangrove Conservation 13.6.1 Selection of Species to be Conserved 13.6.2 Formation of Conservation Units 13.6.3 Analyzing the Adaptations 13.6.4 Molecular Tools for Conservation 13.6.4.1 Biochemical Markers and Molecular Markers 13.6.4.2 DNA Barcoding of Mangroves 13.6.4.2.1 Maturase K (matK) Gene 13.6.4.2.2 Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Large Subunit (Rbcl) Gene 13.6.4.2.3 Molecular Phylogenetic Software 13.6.4.3 Next-Generation Sequencing 13.6.5 In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation Strategies 13.6.5.1 In Situ Conservation of Mangroves 13.6.5.1.1 Role of Conservation Genomics in Management Actions 13.6.5.1.2 Criteria for Sampling 13.6.5.1.3 Sampling Analysis and Data Interpretation 13.6.5.2 Ex Situ Conservation 13.6.5.2.1 Acquisition of Germplasm 13.6.5.2.2 Storage of Samples 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Conservation of RET Plants: Strategies and Plans 14.1 Introduction 14.2 RET Plants 14.3 Conservation of Biodiversity 14.4 Conservation Challenges 14.5 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 14.6 The GSPC 2011-2020 Has 16 Targets Under Five Objectives 14.6.1 On Target 14.6.2 Below Target 14.7 Role of Botanical Gardens in RET Plant Conservation 14.8 Role of Seed Banks in the Conservation of RET Plants 14.8.1 Community Seed Banks 14.8.2 BRAHMS for Seed Bank Management 14.8.3 Important Features 14.9 National Strategies for Plant Conservation 14.10 Multiple Scale Habitat Modeling Approach for Rare Plant Conservation 14.11 Assessment and Reporting of Rare and Endangered Species Through Species Distribution Models 14.12 Conclusion References Chapter 15: An Outlook on Marine Sponges and Associated Biodiversity Addressing Conservation Strategies 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Sponges 15.2.1 Habitat 15.2.2 Global Status of Sponges 15.2.3 Sponges in India 15.3 Marine Sponges and Associated Biodiversity 15.3.1 Shape and Size 15.3.2 Volume 15.3.3 Environmental Factors 15.3.4 Holobiont 15.4 Significance 15.5 Threats to Sponges and Associated Biodiversity 15.6 Conservation Strategies 15.6.1 Species Identification 15.6.2 Collection of Regional Baseline Information 15.6.3 Characterization 15.6.4 Local Knowledge 15.6.5 Sponge Protected Areas 15.6.6 Causes and Factors for Marine Sponge Decline 15.6.7 Monitoring 15.7 Conclusion References Chapter 16: In Vitro Conservation of Rare, Endangered, and Threatened Plants 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Rare, Endangered, and Threatened Groups 16.3 How Do Species Become Extinct? 16.4 Why Do We Conserve Endangered and Threatened Species? 16.5 In Vitro Conservation 16.5.1 In Vitro Conservation Strategies 16.5.2 Normal Growth Cultures 16.5.3 Slow Growth Cultures 16.5.4 Cryopreservation 16.5.4.1 Classical Cryopreservation Techniques 16.5.4.2 New Cryopreservation Techniques 16.5.4.2.1 Encapsulation-Dehydration 16.5.4.2.2 Vitrification 16.5.4.2.3 Encapsulation-Vitrification 16.5.4.2.4 Dehydration 16.5.4.2.5 Pregrowth 16.5.4.2.6 Pregrowth-Dehydration 16.5.4.2.7 Droplet-Vitrification 16.6 Cryopreservation of Rare and Endangered Plants 16.7 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Macro- and Micropropagation of Plants for Income Generation 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Propagation of Forest Trees: Silviculture 17.3 Mass Multiplication and Income Generation of Rattan Palm 17.3.1 Introduction 17.3.2 Embryogenesis 17.3.2.1 Explant Types 17.3.2.2 Surface Sterilization and Embryo Germination 17.3.2.3 Induction of Somatic Embryoids from Embryogenic Callus Culture 17.3.3 Induction of Direct Multiple Shoots from Somatic Embryoids/Axenic Shoots 17.3.4 Shoot Multiplication, Elongation, and Rooting 17.3.5 Hardening and Establishment 17.3.6 Eco-restoration 17.3.7 Suckers/Off-Shoot Derived Shoot Tip Cultures of Rattan Palms 17.3.7.1 Collection and Surface Sterilization of Suckers 17.3.7.2 Culture Initiation 17.3.7.3 Shoot Multiplication, Shoot Elongation and Rooting of Shoots 17.3.7.4 Hardening and Field Establishment 17.4 Propagation of Crop Plants: Agriculture 17.4.1 Macro and Micropropagation of Banana Cultivars 17.4.1.1 Introduction 17.4.1.2 Banana Propagation 17.4.1.3 Sucker Propagation 17.4.2 Macropropagation 17.4.2.1 Decapitation 17.4.2.2 Decortication 17.4.2.3 Hardening 17.4.3 Micropropagation for the Supply of Quality Planting Materials of Banana Cultivars 17.4.3.1 Culture Initiation 17.4.3.2 Shoot Multiplication/Proliferation 17.4.3.3 Hardening of Micropropagated Plants 17.4.3.4 Secondary Hardening 17.5 Propagation of Medicinal Plants: Medi-culture 17.5.1 Macro and Micropropagation of Kaempferia galanga L. 17.5.1.1 Introduction 17.5.2 Macropropagation of Kaempferia galanga L. 17.5.3 Micropropagation of K. galanga 17.5.3.1 Shoot culture establishment 17.5.3.2 Shoot Multiplication 17.5.3.3 Scaling up of Shoot Multiplication 17.5.3.4 Shoot Elongation and Rooting 17.5.3.5 Hardening and Field Transfer 17.6 Conclusion References Chapter 18: In Vitro Secondary Metabolite Production for Sustainable Utilization of Endangered Medicinal Plants 18.1 Why In Vitro Cultures? 18.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites Through In Vitro Techniques 18.3 Callus and Cell Suspension Culture 18.3.1 Alkaloids 18.3.2 Flavonoids 18.3.3 Anthraquinones 18.3.4 Saponins 18.4 Hairy Root Cultures 18.5 Conclusion References Chapter 19: Enhanced Secondary Metabolite Production for Drug Leads 19.1 Secondary Metabolites (SMs) 19.2 Drug Lead 19.3 In Vitro: Secondary Metabolite Production 19.3.1 Types of In Vitro Culture 19.3.2 Traditional Strategies 19.3.3 Elicitors 19.3.3.1 Biotic Elicitors 19.3.3.2 Abiotic Elicitors 19.3.3.3 Microbial Elicitors 19.3.3.4 Bacterial Coronatine Elicitor 19.3.3.5 Bacterial Protein Derivatives Elicitors 19.3.3.6 Algae as Elicitor 19.3.4 Co-culture System with Plant, Fungus, and Bacteria 19.3.5 Metabolic Engineering 19.3.5.1 Heterologous Expression of Entire Gene Clusters 19.3.5.2 Engineering Regulatory Networks 19.3.5.3 Gene Insertion and Deletion 19.3.5.4 Redirecting Metabolic Pathway 19.3.5.5 Stimulation by Precursors 19.3.5.6 Genetic Knockout of Loci 19.3.5.7 Quorum Sensing 19.3.6 Nanoparticles for Secondary Metabolite 19.3.7 Scaling Up of Secondary Metabolites Using Bioreactor 19.3.8 Pilot Scale 19.3.9 Commercial Scale-Up 19.4 Conclusions and Perspectives References Chapter 20: Modern Ethnobotany and the Development of Drug Leads 20.1 Introduction to Ethnobotany 20.2 Modern Ethnobotany 20.2.1 Modern Ethnobotany: Quantitative Ethnobotany 20.2.2 Quantitative Ethnobotany: Methods of Data Collection and Analysis 20.3 Modern Ethnobotany and Bioprospecting 20.4 . Bioactive Molecules with Antidiabetic Potential from Ethnomedicinal Plants 20.4.1 Antihyperglycemic Mechanisms of Active Compounds from Antidiabetic Plants 20.4.2 Phytochemicals That Decline Intestinal Absorption of Glucose 20.4.3 Phytochemicals That Increase the Secretion of Insulin 20.4.4 Phytochemicals That Increase Insulin Sensitivity 20.4.5 Phytochemicals That Show Insulin-Like Effects 20.4.6 Phytochemicals That Inhibit Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases 20.4.7 Phytochemicals That Increase Uptake/Decrease Release of Glucose by the Liver 20.4.8 Phytochemicals That Increase Glucose Uptake by Adipose and Muscle Tissues 20.4.9 Mechanisms Delaying Chronic Complications 20.5 Bioactive Molecules with Anti-inflammatory Potential from Ethnomedicinal Plants 20.5.1 Anti-inflammation Potential: Methods of Analysis 20.5.2 Plant-Derived Compounds with Anti-inflammatory Properties 20.5.3 Current Concepts and Future Perspectives 20.5.4 Modern Ethnobotany: A Progressive Approach 20.6 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Computational Approaches for Identifying Therapeutic Potential of Phytocompounds 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Drug Design Process 21.3 Identification of the Therapeutic Drug Target 21.3.1 Comparative Homology Modelling 21.4 Lead Compound Identification and Optimization 21.5 Preclinical Studies 21.6 Clinical Trials 21.7 Drug Design Methods 21.7.1 Structure-Based Drug Designing (SBDD) 21.7.2 Ligand-Based Drug Designing (LBDD) 21.7.3 Hybrid Method 21.8 Techniques Used in CADD 21.8.1 Molecular Docking 21.8.1.1 Protein-Protein Docking 21.8.1.2 Protein-Small Molecule Docking 21.8.1.3 Rigid Docking 21.8.1.4 Flexible Docking 21.9 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation 21.10 Pharmacophore Development 21.10.1 Ligand-Based Pharmacophore (LBP) 21.10.2 Receptor-Based Pharmacophore 21.11 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) 21.12 De Novo Drug Design 21.12.1 Fragment-Based Screening 21.13 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Drug Discovery 21.14 Network Pharmacology 21.15 Web Servers and Tools Used in CADD 21.16 Significance/Applications and Limitations of CADD in Drug Discovery and Development 21.16.1 Significance of CADD in Drug Discovery 21.16.2 Application of CADD in Drug Discovery 21.16.3 Limitations of CADD in Drug Discovery 21.17 Conclusion References Chapter 22: Antimicrobial Drugs: Possibilities from Medicinal Plants Part A-Antibacterials and Antivirals 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Antimicrobial Compounds 22.3 Antibacterial Drugs from Medicinal Plants 22.4 Antiviral Drugs from Medicinal Plants 22.5 Conclusions References Chapter 23: Antimicrobial Drugs: Possibilities from Medicinal Plants Part B-Antifungals 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 The Discovery of Miracle Drug 23.1.2 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and the Need for Novel Drugs 23.1.3 Medicinal Plants: The Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds 23.2 Antifungal Potential of Medicinal Plants 23.3 Zingiberaceae: The Potential Source of Antimicrobials 23.4 Conclusion References Chapter 24: Marine Resources and Sustainable Utilization 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Sustainability of Marine Food Resources 24.2.1 How to Ensure Sustainability in Wild Fisheries? 24.3 Marine Mineral Resources 24.4 Policy Instruments for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Resources 24.4.1 Regulatory Policy Instruments 24.4.1.1 Marine Spatial Planning 24.4.1.2 Marine Protected Areas 24.4.2 Economic Instruments 24.4.3 Information and Voluntary Approach 24.5 International Treaties and Commissions for Sustainable Utilization of Marine Resources 24.5.1 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 24.5.2 Sustainable Development Goal 14 24.6 Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management 24.6.1 Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management Concept and Guidelines 24.6.2 Principles of Integrated Coastal Management 24.6.2.1 Principles Related to Environment and Development 24.6.2.1.1 Principle of Interrelationship and Integration 24.6.2.1.2 Inter- and Intragenerational Equity Principles 24.6.2.1.3 Principle of the Right to Develop 24.6.2.1.4 Environmental Safeguards Principle 24.6.2.1.5 Precautionary Principle 24.6.2.1.6 ``Polluter Pays´´ Principle 24.6.2.1.7 Transparency Principle and Other Process-Oriented Principles 24.6.2.2 Principles Related to the Special Character of Oceans and Coasts (Cicin-Sain et al. 1998) 24.6.2.2.1 Principles Related to the Public Nature of the Oceans and to the Use of Coastal Ocean Resources 24.6.3 Functions of ICM (Karthick et al. 2015) 24.6.4 Application of ICM References Chapter 25: Traditional Knowledge and Its Sustainable Utilization 25.1 Introduction 25.1.1 Definition of Traditional Knowledge 25.1.2 Significance 25.1.3 Thrust Areas of Traditional Knowledge 25.1.4 Different Sources of Traditional Knowledge 25.1.5 Traditional Knowledge and Health Traditions in India 25.1.6 Health Traditions in India 25.1.7 Systematic Documentation of Traditional Knowledge 25.1.8 Protection of Traditional Knowledge Under Sui Generis Rights 25.1.9 Methodology Adopted for the Systematic Documentation of TK 25.1.10 Prior Informed Consent 25.2 Case Studies 25.2.1 Marunnu Kanji (Medicated Gruel) 25.2.2 Mukkudi (Medicated Butter Milk) 25.2.2.1 Method of Preparation and Administration 25.2.3 Attayum Kuzhambum (Leech for Bloodletting and Application of Medicated Oil) 25.2.4 Formulations from Mr. Vaidyamadom Cheriya Narayanan Namboothiri: A Legend and an Eminent Traditional Ayurvedic Physicia... 25.2.5 `Erachikootti´ (Muscle Toner) 25.2.6 Changampally Tradition of Thirunavaya-1 25.2.7 Preparation of Kooman Kudukka Appam (Steamed Food Article) 25.2.8 Herbal Preparations by Veerammal Vaidyar (Irular Tribe) 25.2.9 An Absorbent Technique for Snake-Bite Using `Visha Kallu´: A Kind of Medicated Stone 25.2.10 Malavedan Tribe from Pathanamthitta District 25.2.10.1 `Amrithapala´: Decalepis arayalpathra (Joseph and D Chandras.) Venter 25.2.11 Fumigation Therapy for Treating Piles 25.2.12 Ethnomedical Investigation of Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Smith. (Polypodiaceae) 25.2.13 Tribal Medicine Presented by Rengi Amma (Mudugar Tribe), Palakkad District of Kerala, India 25.2.14 Traditional Knowledge Presented by Chelli Vaidyar (Irular Tribe), Sholayur in Palakkad District of Kerala, India 25.3 Ethnomedicine and Its Scope in Developing Novel Herbal Drugs and Nutraceuticals 25.4 Ethnomedical Research 25.5 Sustainable Utilization of TK and Medicinal Plants 25.5.1 Scope of Developing Novel Herbal Drugs and Nutraceuticals 25.6 Ethnopharmacology and Drug Development: JNTBGRI´s Contribution 25.7 Phytoconstituents as Nutraceuticals 25.7.1 Merits of Nutraceuticals 25.7.2 Dietary Antioxidants 25.8 Wild Medicinal and Edible Plants Used by the Tribes of Kerala Having Immuno-Enhancing Properties 25.9 Challenges and Opportunities of TK 25.10 Current Scenario of Protection of Traditional Knowledge 25.11 National Laws 25.11.1 ARIPO 25.11.2 Bhutan 25.11.3 Brazil 25.11.4 Chile 25.11.5 Costa Rica 25.11.6 Egypt 25.11.7 Ethiopia 25.11.8 Peru 25.11.9 Philippines 25.11.10 South Africa 25.11.11 Thailand 25.11.12 India: A Sui generis Law? 25.12 Conclusion Appendix 1: Prior Informed Consent Procedures Appendix 2 Appendix 3: Selected Case Studies with Passport Script Data of Traditional Knowledge References