My Revision Notes: OCR as Biology a

Description

With My Revision Notes you can: - Manage your own revision with step-by-step support from experienced teacher and examiner Frank Sochacki - Apply biological terms accurately with the help of definitions and key words - Plan and pace your revision with the revision planner - Test understanding with questions throughout the book - Get exam ready with last minute quick quizzes available on the Hodder Education website Cover Book title Contents Module 1 Development of practical skills in biology 1 Practical skills What are practical skills? Practical skills assessed in a written examination Module 2 Foundations in biology 2 Cell structure Microscopes and images Cells 3 Biological molecules Water Monomers and polymers The chemical elements that make up biological molecules The key inorganic ions involved in biological processes Testing for the presence of biological molecules 4 Nucleotides and nucleic acids The structure of nucleotides and nucleic acids The replication of DNA The nature of the genetic code The synthesis of polypeptides 5 Enzymes The role of enzymes The mechanism of enzyme action Effects of conditions on enzymes Practical investigations Enzyme-controlled reactions 6 Biological membranes Roles of membranes in cells Membrane structure and permeability The movement of molecules across membranes Water potential and osmosis 7 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation The cell cycle Mitosis Meiosis Cell specialisation in multicellular organisms Tissues, organs and organ systems The features and differentiation of stem cells Module 3 Exchange and transport 8 Exchange surfaces The need for specialised exchange surfaces Efficient exchange surfaces Ventilation and gaseous exchange in mammals Ventilation and gaseous exchange in bony fish and insects 9 Transport in animals The need for transport systems in multicellular animals Different types of circulatory systems The structure and functions of blood vessels Blood, tissue fluid and lymph The mammalian heart The role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide 10 Transport in plants The need for transport systems in multicellular plants The structure and function of the vascular system The process of transpiration The transport of water Adaptations of plants to the availability of water The mechanism of translocation Module 4 Biodiversity, evolution and disease 11 Communicable diseases, disease prevention and the immune system Pathogens and their transmission Primary and secondary immune responses The structure and general functions of antibodies Types of immunity Autoimmune diseases The principles of vaccination Possible sources of medicines Benefits and risks of antibiotics 12 Biodiversity The levels of biodiversity Species richness and species evenness Simpson’s Index of Diversity Genetic biodiversity Maintaining biodiversity 13 Classification and evolution Biological classification The binomial system The features used to classify organisms The relationship between classification and phylogeny The evidence for the theory of evolution by natural selection Different types of variation Adaptations of organisms to their environment How natural selection can affect the characteristics of a population The implications of evolution for humans Now test yourself answers