Hungary.

Description

Foreword Table of Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures Tables Boxes Signs Country Aggregates Currency Cut-off Date List of Team Members Map of Hungary 1. Conclusions and Recommendations 1. Environmental Management Strengthening the implementation of environmental policies Air Water Nature and biodiversity 2. Towards Sustainable Development Integration of environmental concerns into economic decisions Agriculture Integration of environmental and social decisions 3. International Co-operation Part I. Environmental Management 2. Air Management Recommendations Conclusions 1. Policy Objectives 2. Air Pollution Trends 2.1 Further reducing air emissions Figure 2.1 Air pollutant emissions Table 2.1 Atmospheric emissions, by source, 1998-2005 2.2 Meeting ambient air quality standards Box 2.1 Transport-related pollution in Budapest 2.3 Human exposure to air pollution and health effects 3. Measures to Prevent and Control Air Pollution 4. Integrating Air Management Objectives into Energy and Transport Policies 4.1 Air management and energy policy Box 2.2 The energy sector at a glance Figure 2.2 Energy structure and intensity 4.2 Air management and transport policy Figure 2.3 Transport sector Box 2.3 The transport sector: state and trends Table 2.2 Air emissions from transport, 2002 and 2005 Notes Selected Sources 3. Water Management Recommendations Conclusions 1. Policy Objectives Box 3.1 Drinking water Table 3.1 Settlements eligible for the Drinking Water Quality Improvement Programme 2. Water Quality 2.1 Groundwater 2.2 Surface waters Table 3.2 Surface water quality, 2006 Table 3.3 Water quality of selected rivers, chemical pollution, 2005 2.3 Reducing pressures on water quality from households and industry Figure 3.1 Population connected to public waste water treatment plant, 2005 3. Towards Integrated Water Resource Management 3.1 Legal and planning framework 3.2 Relying on economic instruments Table 3.4 Water and waste water prices for households, 2000-05 Table 3.5 Breakdown of revenues from water and waste water bills, 2006 Figure 3.2 Freshwater use, 2005 4. Flood Management 4.1 Flood defence infrastructure 4.2 A new approach to flood prevention and control 4.3 Relying on economic instruments Table 3.6 Flood control expenditure, 2000-06 Notes Selected Sources 4. Nature and Biodiversity Recommendations Conclusions 1. Policy Objectives 2. Land Use and State of Biodiversity Table 4.1 Trends in land use, 2000-07 Table 4.2 State of flora and fauna, mid-2000s Table 4.3 Trends in numbers of protected species, 1997-2005 Box 4.1 Moson: Protecting the great bustard with positive effects on other species 3. Protected Areas Table 4.4 Trends in protected areas, 2000-07 Table 4.5 Land use in protected areas, 2007 Figure 4.1 Protected areas, 2004 Box 4.2 Public work programme at the national park directorates 4. Integration of Biodiversity into Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Planning 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Forestry Table 4.6 Afforested landa Figure 4.2 Intensity of use of forest resources, 1970-2006 4.3 Land use planning 5. International Issues 6. Expenditure and Economic Instruments Notes Selected Sources Part II. Sustainable Development 1. Key National Development Policy Objectives 1.1 Medium-term objectives 1.2 Long-term objectives 2. The National Sustainable Development Strategy Notes 5. Environment-economy Interface Recommendations Conclusions Integration of environmental concerns into economic decisions Strengthening the implementation of environmental policies 1. Sustainable Development in Practice Box 5.1 Main national development documents: strategies, plans and programmes 1.1 Decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth Table 5.1 Economic trends and environmental pressures Figure 5.1 Economic structure and trends 1.2 Market integration Table 5.2 Revenues from environmentally related taxes, 1998-2005 Figure 5.2 Road fuel prices and taxes Table 5.3 Environmentally related taxes, 2007 Table 5.4 Energy prices in selected OECD countries, 2007 1.3 Pollution abatement and control expenditure and financing Table 5.5 Pollution abatement and control expenditure by sector, 2006 2. Implementation of Environmental Policies 2.1 Environmental policy objectives Box 5.2 National environmental planning and programming process Table 5.6 Selected objectives, targets and intermediate achievements of the NEP-II, 2003-08 2.2 Institutional and legal framework Figure 5.3 Administrative structure for environmental protection Table 5.7 Selected environment-related legislation 2.3 Regulation and enforcement Table 5.8 Environmental impact assessments, 1998-2006 Table 5.9 Revenues collected from fines,a 2002-05 2.4 Economic instruments Table 5.10 Product charges 2.5 Voluntary instruments Notes Selected Sources 6. Environment and Agriculture Recommendations Conclusions 1. Environmental Performance Figure 6.1 Trends in agriculture 1.1 Nitrogen Figure 6.2 Agricultural inputs, 2004 Figure 6.3 Livestock density, 2005 1.2 Phosphorus 1.3 Plant protection products 1.4 Water 1.5 Soil 1.6 Biodiversity 1.7 Afforestation Box 6.1 Air, energy, greenhouse gases and agriculture 2. Agricultural and Rural Development Policy 2.1 Key plans and programmes Table 6.1 Agricultural and rural development programmes, allocated funding, 2004-06 Table 6.2 The National Rural Development Plan, planned expenditure, 2004-06 2.2 Policy measures Table 6.3 Actual budgetary transfers to Hungarian farmers, 2004-06 Notes Selected Sources 7. Environmental-social Interface Recommendations Conclusions 1. Environmental Health Box 7.1 Health impacts of climate change Figure 7.1 Social indicators Table 7.1 Health-related objectives of the NEP II Table 7.2 National Environmental Health Action Programme – NEHAP II (2004-10) 2. Environmental Democracy Box 7.2 National Network of Green-Point Offices Box 7.3 The Ombudsman for future generations 3. Environmental Education and Awareness 4. Environment and Employment Table 7.3 Number of employees in environmental protection Notes Selected Sources Part III. International Commitments 8. International Co-operation Recommendations Conclusions 1. Main Objectives 1.1 Accession to the EU 2. Climate Change 2.1 Commitments and trends Box 8.1 Environmental projects implemented from EU funding Table 8.1 GHG emissions Table 8.2 GHG emissions by sector 2.2 Policy integration 2.3 Implementation of flexibility mechanisms 2.4 Future challenges 3. Transboundary Issues 3.1 Transboundary air pollution Table 8.3 Performance compared to international targets for air emissions 3.2 Transboundary watercourses 3.3 Bilateral and regional co-operation Box 8.2 The Baia Mare accident and related Hungarian initiatives 4. Trade and Environment 4.1 Ozone-depleting substances 4.2 Hazardous waste 4.3 Endangered species 5. Official Development Assistance and the Environment 5.1 Hungary as donor Table 8.4 Overview of GEF projects for Hungary 5.2 Hungary as recipient Table 8.5 Direct investment flows Notes Selected Sources References Reference I.A Selected environmental data Reference I.B Selected economic data Reference I.C Selected social data Reference II.A Selected multilateral agreements (worldwide) Reference II.B Selected multilateral agreements (regional) Reference III. Abbreviations Reference IV. Physical context Reference V. Selected environmental websites