Terrorism and Counter-terrorism in Saudi Arabia and Indonesia

Description

Acknowledgments Contents List of Tables 1 Introduction Focus, Significance, and Contribution Data and Research Method Background/Setting of the Book Scholarship Shortcoming Frameworks for Understanding Terrorism and Counterterrorism Defining Terrorism The Book’s Concepts of Terrorism, Islamist Terrorism, and Counterterrorism Outline of the Book References Part I 2 Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Introduction Between the 9/11 Attacks and the 5/12 Tragedy Early Terrorism Before the 1990s Nasser-Backed Leftist and Radical Seculars Juhayman al-Otaybi and His Group Shiite-Linked Hezbollah Al-Hejaz The Rise of Sunni Jihadism and Terrorism Socio-Historical Contexts of Jihadism and Islamist Terrorism Saudi Responses to the Foreign Military Presence in the Kingdom Terrorism in the 1990s Factors Contributing to Bin Laden’s Shifting Views and Strategies Terrorism in the 2000s 2015 Onward: ISIL-Linked Terrorism Multiple Terrorisms: Concluding Remarks References 3 Saudi Government and Counterterrorism Introduction Combating Terrorism, 1960–2001 Responding to the Juhayman Case Responding to the Hezbollah Al-Hejaz and the Islamic Jihad Organization The Issuance of the Royal Amnesty and Its Implications Combating Terrorism, 2001–2020 King Abdullah’s Key Role and Contributions Reforms Under King Abdullah The Closure of Charities Used for Financing Terrorism Promoting Interfaith and Intergroup Dialogues The Role of MBN Counterterrorism Under King Salman and MBS Multiple Types of Counterterrorism and Anti-Terrorism “Hard” and “Soft” Approaches Combating the Terrorist Actor Combating the Financier of Terrorism Combating the Mindset of Terrorists Building Intergroup and Interfaith Dialogues Saudi Counterterrorism’s Strengths and Limitations Conclusion References 4 Saudi Society on Terrorism and Counterterrorism Introduction Saudi Society’s Responses to Terrorism Denouncing Terrorism Various Responses to Roots of Terrorism Religious Roots of Terrorism Radical Religious Teachers and Clerics Religious Misunderstanding Religious Extremism and Exploitation Terrorists’ Exaggeration of Religious Practices Common Issues on Religious Roots of Terrorism Non-religious Roots of Terrorism Internet and Social Media Friendship Relations and Networks Ignorance (Lack Knowledge and Education) Anti-western Sentiment and Narratives Racism and Ethnocentrism Discrimination, Injustice, Hate, Alienation, and Lack Family Guidance Terrorists’ Political Objectives and Ends Saudi Society’s Responses to Counterterrorism Peaceful Religious Discourse, Respect on Diversity, and Public Awareness Developing Homeland Security, Society’s Active Participation, and Media Increase Consciousness to Parents and Teenegers Introducing Social Sciences in Schools and Universities Be Familiar with Non-Muslim Communities Rewards for Informants, Nationalism, and Foreign Policy Combating Extremist Ideas and Cleaning up of Public Spheres from Radical Voices Explaining the Merits of Social Changes Equality and Other Crucial Matters Multiple Voices of Combating Terrorism-A Brief Summary Assessment and Analysis: Comments on Saudis’ Opinions References Part II 5 Terrorism in Indonesia Introduction The Bali Blasts and Forms of Indonesian Terrorism The Local Roots of Jihadism and Islamist Terrorism The Communist Party and the Darul Islam The Key Role of Kartosuwirjo Uprising Against the Sukarno Government Terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s: Darul Islam and Other Radical Groups The Emergence of Komando Jihad and Non-DI Radical Groups International Dimension of Local Jihadism and Terrorism Indonesian Fighters During the Afghan War The Founding of al-Qaeda Sending Indonesian Militants to the Deobandi Schools Indonesian Terrorist Networks and the Mindanao Camp Terrorism in the 1990s: The Rise of Jamaah Islamiyah The Split of JI Terrorism in the Post-New Order, 1998–2019 The Death of Noordin M Top and the Rise of Non-JI Terrorist Groups The Emergence of Female and Family Terrorists Glocal Elements of Multiple Terrorisms: Concluding Remarks References 6 Indonesian Government and Counterterrorism Introduction Combating Terror During the Old Order and the New Order Different Use of “Hard” (Military) Approaches Anti-subversion Law Sukarno’s Guided Democracy and Dictatorship Limited Soft Counterterrorism Approaches Transmigration as One of Counterterrorism Approaches Rehabilitation and Re-education Programs Using Terrorists to Fight Communists Refuse to Work with the Government Counterterrorism in the Post-new Order Government, 1998–2021 Two Main Features of Counterterrorism Approaches Several Anti-terror Units The Abolition of the Anti-subversion Law The Tipping Point of Counterterrorism Approach The Creation of Densus 88 Contributions of the United States and Australia Coordination with Grassroots and Stakeholders Criticism Toward Anti-terror Units Densus 88 and the Decline of Terrorists The Role and Contributions of BNPT Deradicalization and Rehabilitation Programs Multiple Agencies of Counterterrorism Programs Impediments of Combating Terrorism The New Law and Regulation on Combating Terrorism and Radicalism Concluding Remarks References 7 Indonesian Society on Terrorism and Counterterrorism Indonesian Society’s Responses to Terrorism: Religious and Non-religious Factors Terrorists as Actor and Victim Terrorism as a Social Product and Global Trend Indonesia’s Dometic Terrorism as a Local Phenomena Multiple Underliying Factors of Indonesian Terrorism Terrorism as an “Islamofacism” Terrorism as a Form of People’s Movement Terrorism as the Product of Superficial Understandings of Religion (Islam) Terrorism as the Fruit of Socio-Political Injustice The Significance of Economic and Mental-Psychological Factors Majoritarianism and Terrorism Terrorism as a Theological Resistence Biological and Genetic Contributions to Terrorism Indonesian Society’s Responses to Counterterrorism Different Approach to Different Terrorist The Need to Create Healthy and Good Governance Listening to the Grievances of Terrorists and Their Sympathizers Changing Models of Religious Education The Need for Societal Participation Engaging the Radicals Combating Terrorism Needs Firm Actions and Resolute Phases Various Tactical Approaches Involving Students of Universities and High Schools The Role of Pesantren (Islamic Boarding School) Introducing Local Wisdom, Values, and Cultures Five Interrelated Models of Counterterrorism The Role of DNA in Counterterrorism Approach Assessment and Analysis: Concluding Remarks References Part III 8 Comparing Terrorism: Saudi Arabia and Indonesia Similarities: Some Notes and Assessments Differences: Some Notes and Assessments Saudi Arabia’s Influences on Indonesia’s Terrorism? Concluding Remarks References 9 Comparing Counterterrorism: Saudi Arabia and Indonesia Introduction Similarities: Some Notes and Assessments Differences: Some Notes and Assessments Criticisms, Challenges, and Suggestions of Counterterrorism Approaches Terrorists’ Different Intellectuals and Ideological Levels Dissenting Opinions on the Concepts of Terrorism and Jihadism Contesting the Idea of Kufr (Infidelity) The Problem of Apologetic Views and the Need for Humane Engagement The Contest for the “True” Religious Authority and the Legitimate Voices of Islam Lengthy Side Effects of Repressive Approach Difficulty to Measure the Results of the Government Policies The Absence of Civil Society Groupings The Need to Involve Women Groups in the Counterterrorism Scheme The Significance of Youth Conclusion References 10 Saudi-Indonesian Relations, Bilateral Cooperation on Combating Terrorism, and Prospects for Future Peace Saudi–Indonesian Bilateral Relations Collaboration on Counterterrorism, Defense, and Security Issues Lessons Learned from Saudi Arabia and Indonesia Prospects for Future Peace and Security: Reflections and Remarks References Bibliography Index