Network Evolution and Applications

Description

Network Evolution and Applications provides a comprehensive, integrative, and easy approach to understanding the technologies, concepts, and milestones in the history of networking. It provides an overview of different aspects involved in the networking arena that includes the core technologies that are essential for communication and important in our day-to-day life. It throws some light on certain past networking concepts and technologies that have been revolutionary in the history of science and technology and have been highly impactful. It expands on various concepts like Artificial Intelligence, Software Defined Networking, Cloud Computing, and Internet of Things, which are very popular at present. This book focuses on the evolutions made in the world of networking. One can’t imagine the world without the Internet today; with the Internet and the present- day networking, distance doesn’t matter at all. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a tough time worldwide, with global lockdown, locked homes, empty streets, stores without consumers, and offices with no or fewer staff. Thanks to the modern digital networks, the culture of work from home (WFH) or working remotely with the network/Internet connection has come to the fore, with even school and university classes going online. Although WFH is not new, the COVID-19 pandemic has given it a new look, and industries are now willfully exploring WFH to extend it in the future. The aim of this book is to present the timeline of networking to show the developments made and the milestones that were achieved due to these developments. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Authors Chapter 1 Communication Network at a Glance Abbreviations 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of Networks 1.2.1 Based on Spread of the Network 1.2.2 Based on the Type of Connection 1.2.3 Based on the Type of Signals 1.3 Network Topology 1.3.1 Bus Topology 1.3.2 Star Topology 1.3.3 Mesh Topology 1.3.4 Ring Topology 1.3.5 Hybrid Topology 1.4 Data Communication 1.4.1 Use Cases of Data Communication 1.4.2 Different Data Communication Mode 1.4.3 Components of Data Communication 1.4.4 Cellular or Mobile Communication 1.4.5 Internet 1.5 International Forums and Organizations 1.5.1 ITU-T 1.5.2 IANA 1.5.3 IETF 1.5.4 3GPP 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Reference Model and Protocol Suite Abbreviations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Why Standard Protocol Architecture? 2.3 Logistics of Communication 2.3.1 Protocols 2.3.2 Layers 2.3.3 Service 2.3.4 Client/Server Method 2.3.5 Addressing 2.3.6 Reliability 2.3.7 Flow Control Mechanism 2.3.8 Connection Oriented – Connectionless 2.4 TCP/IP 2.4.1 Layered Architecture 2.4.2 TCP/IP Operation 2.5 OSI 2.5.1 Layered Architecture 2.5.2 OSI Operation 2.5.3 Comparing TCP/IP and OSI Model 2.6 IP Address 2.6.1 IPv4 Address 2.6.2 IPv6 Address 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3 The First Internet: ARPANET Abbreviations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 ARPANET 3.2.1 A Brief History of ARPANET 3.2.2 Sites of ARPANET 3.2.3 Motivations 3.2.3.1 Time-Shared Computers 3.2.3.2 Network Working Group 3.2.3.3 Request For Comments (RFC) 3.2.3.4 Network Control Protocol 3.2.3.5 Decentralization of Network or Distributed Control 3.2.3.6 Store-and-Forward Switching 3.2.3.7 Responsiveness of Network 3.2.4 ARPANET Topology 3.2.5 ARPANET Network Operation 3.3 Reception, Success, and Achievement 3.3.1 Growth of ARPANET 3.3.2 Impact on Computer Resource and Communication Technology 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Ethernet Abbreviations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 ALOHA 4.2.1 The ALOHA SYSTEM – Architecture 4.2.2 ALOHANET 4.2.3 Pure and Slotted: ALOHA Protocols 4.3 Ethernet History 4.3.1 Experimental Ethernet 4.3.1.1 Error Detection Mechanism 4.3.2 Ethernet Developments in History 4.4 Ethernet Concepts 4.4.1 Physical Layers of Ethernet 4.4.1.1 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 4.4.1.2 Fast Ethernet 4.4.1.3 Gigabit Ethernet 4.4.1.4 Ten Gigabit Ethernet 4.4.2 Medium Access Control 4.4.3 Ethernet Frame 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Journey of Cables – From Coppers to Optical Fiber Abbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 History of Telecommunication Cables 5.2.1 POTS 5.2.2 Development of Ethernet 5.2.3 From Analog to Digital 5.2.4 Transatlantic Cables 5.3 Copper Cables 5.3.1 Twisted Pairs 5.3.2 Coaxial Cables 5.3.3 Hybrid Cables 5.4 Optical Fiber Cables 5.4.1 Single-Mode Fiber 5.4.2 Multimode Fiber 5.5 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Wireless Networks Abbreviation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Wireless Networks and Communication 6.2.1 Wireless Telegraphy 6.2.2 Mobile Telephone Service – Precellular 6.2.3 Mobile Communication – Cellular 6.2.3.1 First Generation 6.2.3.2 Second Generation 6.2.3.3 Third Generation 6.2.3.4 Fourth Generation 6.2.4 Wi-Fi 6.2.5 WiMAX 6.2.6 ZigBee 6.2.7 Bluetooth 6.3 Architecture of Wireless Networks 6.3.1 The OSI Reference Model 6.3.2 Different Types of Wireless Network 6.3.2.1 Wireless Wide Area Network 6.3.2.2 Wireless Metropolitan Area Network 6.3.2.3 Wireless Local Area Network 6.3.2.4 Wireless Personal Area Network 6.3.3 Wireless Network Topologies 6.3.3.1 Point-to-Point Wireless Network 6.3.3.2 Star Wireless Network 6.3.3.3 Tree Wireless Network 6.3.3.4 Mesh Wireless Network 6.3.4 Wireless Service Modes 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Abbreviations 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Switched Network 7.3 Circuit Switching 7.3.1 Manual Switching 7.3.2 Automatic Switching 7.4 Packet Switching 7.4.1 Datagram 7.4.2 Virtual Circuit 7.5 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Multiprotocol Label Switching Abbreviations 8.1 Introduction 8.2 MPLS Background: A Historical View 8.2.1 IP Switching Technology 8.2.2 Tag Switching 8.2.3 IBM ARIS 8.2.4 MPLS 8.3 Architecture of MPLS 8.3.1 MPLS Terminologies 8.3.2 MPLS Label Header 8.3.3 MPLS Operations 8.3.3.1 Assignment of Label 8.3.3.2 LDP or TDP Session Establishment 8.3.3.3 Distribution of Label 8.3.3.4 Retention of Label 8.3.4 Label Operations 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Metro Ethernet Abbreviations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Metro Ethernet 9.2.1 Metro Ethernet Forum 9.2.2 MEF: Carrier Ethernet Terminologies 9.2.3 MEF: Carrier Ethernet Services 9.2.3.1 E-Line 9.2.3.2 E-LAN 9.2.3.3 E-Tree 9.2.3.4 E-Access 9.3 Conclusion References Chapter 10 Modern Internet Abbreviations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Principles of Modern Internet Architecture 10.2.1 Heterogeneity 10.2.2 Scalability 10.2.3 Simplicity 10.2.4 Robustness and Adaptability 10.2.5 Loose Coupling 10.2.6 Naming and Addressing 10.2.7 Distributed Architecture 10.3 The Web 10.3.1 Web vs. Internet 10.3.2 Web 2.0 10.4 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Software-Defined Networking Abbreviation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Architecture of SDN 11.2.1 Components of SDN 11.2.1.1 Application Layer 11.2.1.2 Northbound Interface 11.2.1.3 Control Layer 11.2.1.4 Southbound Interface 11.2.1.5 Network Operating Systems 11.2.1.6 Infrastructure Layer 11.2.2 Traffic Flow in SDN 11.2.2.1 North-South Flow 11.2.2.2 East-West Flow 11.3 Open Flow Protocol 11.3.1 OpenFlow Table and Flow Entries 11.4 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Cloud Computing Abbreviations 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Background 12.3 Benefits and Limitations of the Cloud 12.3.1 Benefits 12.3.2 Limitations 12.4 Deployment Models 12.5 Service Models 12.6 Featured Providers 12.7 Architecture 12.8 Cloud Risks 12.9 Data Centers as Support for Cloud Computing 12.10 Conclusions References Chapter 13 Internet of Things Abbreviation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 IoT World Background 13.2.1 Communication Models of IoT 13.2.2 Communications Device to Device 13.3 Intercommunication Between Things 13.3.1 Protocols Used to Transmit Data 13.3.2 Embedded Vision Systems 13.3.3 Webinars on Embedded/Integrated Vision Systems 13.3.4 Machine Learning 13.3.5 Arduino 13.3.6 The Internet of Things as an Ally of Digital Transformation 13.4 Internet of Things 2.0: The Next Step Toward Industry 4.0 13.5 IoT Applications 13.5.1 What is IoT, and What are its Main Applications 13.5.2 This is What a Home IoT Network Looks Like 13.5.3 Business 13.5.3.1 Hostelry 13.5.3.2 Business IoT Network 13.5.4 Vehicle Fleets for Logistics 13.5.5 IoT Applications for Home Use 13.5.6 Growth of the Number of Connected Devices 13.5.7 IoT in Agriculture: Smart Farming 13.5.8 Agriculture and Livestock 13.5.8.1 Gardening 13.5.9 IoT in Medicine IoMT: Smart Health 13.5.9.1 Health 13.5.10 IoT in Energy Management: Smart Energy 13.5.11 IIoT, the Industrial Internet of Things 13.6 Advantages of IoT 13.7 Limitations of IoT 13.7.1 Considerations to Integrate IoT Technologies 13.7.2 Challenges and Challenges in Organizations 13.7.3 IoT Security 13.8 Future of IoT 13.9 Conclusions References Chapter 14 Next-Generation IoT and the World of Sensors Abbreviations 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The World of Sensors 14.2.1 Great Growth Potential 14.3 Functions of the Sensors That Incorporate the Objects with IoT Technology 14.3.1 Sensors for Temperature 14.3.2 Sensors for Proximity 14.3.3 Sensors for Measurement Gases 14.3.4 Sensors for Pressure 14.3.5 Sensor for Moisture 14.3.6 Sensor of Level 14.3.7 Intelligent and Autonomous Sensors 14.4 The Next-Generation Internet of Things 14.5 Opportunities, Challenges, and Solutions 14.6 Conclusions References Chapter 15 Artificial Intelligence and Networking Abbreviations 15.1 Introduction 15.2 What is AI? 15.2.1 Machine Learning 15.2.2 Neural Network 15.2.3 Deep Learning 15.3 How AI Can Transform Computer Networks? 15.3.1 AI in Software-Defined Networking 15.3.1.1 Some Parameters for Selecting ML Algorithm to Power an SDN Controller 15.3.2 AI in the Telcom Networks 15.3.3 AI in Cyber Security 15.4 Conclusion References Index