Gas Mixtures: Preparation and Control

Description

Offers practical suggestions and calculations for producing multicomponent test gas atmospheres. This title addresses topics that include sorbent evaluation, methods development, dosimeter testing, instrument calibration, atmospheric simulation, and gas analysis. It is suitable for industrial hygienists and air pollution control specialists. Content: Cover Title Page Copyright Page PREFACE BIOGRAPHY Table of Contents 1: Introduction and General Principles 1.1 Fundamental Gas Laws 1.1.1 Ideal Gases 1.1.1.1 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume 1.1.1.2 Density 1.1.1.3 Concentration 1.1.2 Nonideal Gases 1.1.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure 1.1.2.2 High Pressure 1.2 Safety Considerations 1.3 Scientific Notation and Units of Measurement 2: Air Purification 2.1 Removal of Water Vapor 2.1.1 Solid Desiccants 2.1.1.1 Anhydrous Magnesium Perchlorate 2.1.1.2 Calcium Sulfate 2.1.1.3 Silica Gel 2.1.1.4 Activated Alumina 2.1.1.5 Molecular Sieve2.1.2 Liquid Desiccants 2.1.3 Cooling 2.2 Removal of Particulates 2.3 Removal of Organic Vapors 2.4 Removal of Miscellaneous Contaminants 2.5 A Typical Laboratory Compressed-Air System References 3: Flow Rate and Volume Measurements 3.1 Primary Standards 3.1.1 Spirometers 3.1.2 Pitot Tubes 3.1.3 Frictionless Pistons 3.1.4 Syringe Drive Systems 3.1.5 Aspirator Bottles 3.2 Intermediate Standards 3.2.1 Wet Test Meters 3.2.2 Dry Gas Meters 3.3 Secondary Standards 3.3.1 Rotameters 3.3.2 Mass Flow Meters 3.3.3 Orifice Meters 3.3.4 Critical Orifices 3.3.5 Porous Plugs3.3.6 Controlled Leaks 3.3.7 Miscellaneous Devices References 4: Static Systems for Producing Gas Mixtures 4.1 Systems at Atmospheric Pressure 4.1.1 Single Rigid Chambers 4.1.1.1 Sample Introduction 4.1.1.2 Gas Blenders 4.1.1.3 Miscellaneous Dispensers 4.1.1.4 Mixing Devices 4.1.1.5 Concentration Calculations 4.1.1.6 Volume Dilution Calculations 4.1.1.7 Discussion 4.1.2 Rigid Chambers in Series 4.1.3 Nonrigid Chambers 4.1.3.1 Sample Introduction 4.1.3.2 Sample Decay 4.2 Pressurized Systems 4.2.1 Gravimetric Methods 4.2.2 Partial Pressure Methods 4.2.3 Volumetric Methods4.3 Partially Evacuated Systems Reference 5: Dynamic Systems for Producing Gas Mixtures 5.1 Gas Stream Mixing 5.1.1 Single Dilution 5.1.2 Double Dilution 5.2 Injection Methods 5.2.1 Liquid Reservoirs 5.2.2 Syringe Drive Systems 5.2.3 Liquid Pumps 5.2.4 Miscellaneous Injection Methods 5.2.4.1 Electrolytic Methods 5.2.4.2 Gravity Feed Methods 5.2.4.3 Liquid and Gas Pistons 5.2.4.4 Pulse Diluters 5.2.5 Injection Ports 5.2.6 Vaporization Techniques 5.2.7 The Ultimate System 5.2.8 Calculations 5.3 Diffusion Methods 5.4 Permeation Methods 5.4.1 Device Construction5.4.2 Calibration 5.4.3 Calculations 5.4.4 Discussion 5.5 Evaporation Methods 5.6 Electrolytic Methods 5.7 Chemical Methods References 6: Specialized Systems 6.1 Ozone 6.1.1 Methods of Generation 6.1.2 Methods of Analysis 6.2 Nitrogen Dioxide 6.2.1 Static Systems 6.2.2 Dynamic Systems 6.3 Mercury 6.4 Hydrogen Cyanide 6.4.1 Static Systems 6.4.2 Dynamic Systems 6.5 Hydrogen Fluoride 6.6 Formaldehyde 6.7 Chlorine Dioxide 6.8 Bromine and Iodine 6.9 Humidity 6.9.1 Static Systems 6.9.2 Dynamic Systems 6.9.3 Calculations 6.9.4 Methods of Measurement