Parties as Governments in Eurasia, 1913–1991

Description

This book examines the political parties which emerged on the territories of the former Ottoman, Qing, Russian, and Habsburg empires and not only took over government power but merged with government itself. It discusses how these parties, disillusioned with previous constitutional and parliamentary reforms, justified their takeovers with programs of controlled or supervised economic and social development, including acting as the mediators between the various social and ethnic groups in the respective territories. It pays special attention to nation-building through the party, to institutions (both constitutional and de facto), and to the global and comparative aspects of one-party regimes. It explores the origins of one-party regimes in China, Czechoslovakia, Korea, the Soviet Union, Turkey, Yugoslavia, and beyond, the roles of socialism and nationalism in the parties’ approaches to development and state-building, as well the pedagogical aspirations of the ruling elites. Hence, by revisiting the dynamics of the transition from the earlier imperial formations via constitutionalism to one-party governments, and by assessing the internal and external dynamics of one-party regimes after their establishment, the book more precisely locates this type of regime within the contemporary world’s political landscape. Moreover, it emphasises that one-party regimes thrived on both sides of the Cold War and in some of the non-aligned states, and that although some state socialist one-party regimes collapsed in 1989–1991, in other places historically dominant parties and new parties have continued to monopolize political power. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Figures Author bios Acknowledgments Introduction: Parties from Vanguards to Governments Notes Bibliography 1. The birth of Anfu China, East Asia's first party-state: Toward a constitutional dictatorship of the gentry, 1916-1918 The "Anfu Era" at a glance The road to State Corporatism, 1916-17 The Old Guard, the Corrective Revolution, and the New Order The design of the Anfu Club Concluding remarks Notes Bibliography Newspapers and journals Other references 2. The Communist International: A party of parties confronting interwar internationalisms, 1920-1925 Introduction The role of political parties in an international Communist International: A party of parties A Bolshevik internationalism Pushback against the Bolsheviks in the Comintern Labour and Socialist International as a Comintern competitor? Comintern and the League of Nations: A missed opportunity Conclusion Notes Bibliography 3. The Left Opposition and the practices of parliamentarianism within the Bolshevik Party, 1923-1924 Notes Bibliography 4. Importing and exporting ideas of nationalism and state-building: The experience of Turkey's Republican People's Party, 1923-1950 The intellectual roots of single-party rule in Turkey CHP rule in practice The CHP's legacy beyond Turkey Conclusion Notes Bibliography 5. Competing with the marketplace: The Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT)'s Department of Propaganda and its political publishing program, 1924-1937 Introduction Scholarly context The Nationalist Party-State Organizing the KMT's Nanjing Decade media system The political publishing program of the KMT's Department of Propaganda Tutoring the KMT itself with Zhongyang zhoubao Excerpts from the KMT's political publishing program during the Nanjing Decade Summary and conclusion Notes Bibliography Archival sources Published primary source Secondary works 6. Aspirations for a mass political party in prewar imperial Japan: Conflicting visions of national mobilization Introduction: The Establishment of the Imperial Rule Assistance Association The Alliance for a New Japan, political education and the origins of "New Order" reforms Autonomous action, public opinion, and the will of the people Ethnic nationalist reformism in the 1930s: Military and civilian collaboration through the publication Ishin Conclusion Unpublished archival sources Note Bibliography 7. Constitution-making in the informal Soviet empire in Eastern Europe, East Asia, and Inner Asia, 1945-1955 Introduction Background Authorship and adoption Sovereignty and political subjectivity Supreme state institutions Dependence Nonconstitutional institutions Conclusion Periodicals Notes Bibliography 8. Work teams, leading small groups, and the making of modern Chinese bureaucracy, 1929-1966 Introduction The military origins of the CCP's provisional organizations: Work teams and small groups, 1920s-1940s The military origins of work teams The military origins of small groups and its institutionalization Militarization, small groups, and the campaign to wipe out hidden counterrevolutionaries, 1955-1962 Militarization, work teams, and the Socialist Education Movement, 1962-1966 Conclusion Notes Bibliography 9. From revolutionary comrades to "mothers of the nation": The Workers' Party of Korea's approach to the role of women in the 1950s-1960s Introduction Women in the workforce: An economic necessity The WPK and the "woman question" Women as anti-imperialist fighters Women as faithful comrades and vehicles of ideological education Women as "mothers of the nation" Conclusion Notes Bibliography 10. The dawn before one-party dominance: South Korea's road to party politics under the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, 1961-1963 Introduction The May 16 coup and the revolutionary pledges The groundwork for a dictatorship with a sell-by-date The road to a party-state: Intellectuals, secret agents, and laws The formation of the Democratic Republican Party Conclusion Notes Bibliography 11. The Yugoslav federation and the concept of one ruling party in its final hour The Party The state system The party and the state Operating principles The public opinion Conclusion (with brief post-Yugoslav trajectories of the transformed national communist parties) Notes Bibliography 12. The vanguard's changing tempo: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and government institutions, 1921-1990 Introduction Moscow lessons taken in Prague National and democratic revolution Taking the helm of the state Quick, but long normalization Epilogue: Democratic communists Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index