Handbook of Plasticizers

Description

Handbook of Plasticizers, Fourth Edition provides a comprehensive review of the current literature as well as cutting-edge details on plasticizers obtained from renewable resources. The book specifies the typical properties of plasticizers belonging to one of thirty-one groups, including expected properties in a given group. The mechanisms of plasticizers, plasticization production steps, and their material behavior in plasticized systems are outlined, along with theoretical background to help readers understand practical observations and methods of material improvement. Other chapters cover the effects on the physical and mechanical properties of plasticized materials, their use in polymers, processing defects formation, and more. This is an essential professional reference, providing R&D scientists, production chemists, and engineers the information they need to avoid certain plasticizers in applications where they may cause health or material durability problems. In addition, the book shows readers how and where to use plasticizers more effectively. Provides detailed coverage of thirty-one groups of plasticizers, covering their properties, production, processing, applications, health and environmental aspectsContains new material on odors in plastic materials and their removalIncludes expanded coverage of plasticizers from renewable resources Front Cover Title page Copyright page Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1.2 EXPECTATIONS FROM PLASTICIZERS 1.3 DEFINITIONS 1.4 CLASSIFICATION REFERENCES Chapter 2. Plasticizer Types 2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.2 CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL PLASTICIZERS 2.3 METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZERS 2.4 REACTIVE PLASTICIZERS AND INTERNAL PLASTICIZATION Chapter 3. Typical Methods of Quality Control of Plasticizers 3.1 ABBREVIATIONS, TERMINOLOGY, AND VOCABULARY 3.2 ACID NUMBER 3.3 AGING STUDIES 3.4 ASH 3.5 BRITTLENESS TEMPERATURE 3.6 BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY 3.7 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE 3.8 COLOR 3.9 COMPATIBILITY 3.10 COMPRESSION SET 3.11 CONCRETE ADDITIVES 3.12 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 3.13 EXTRACTABLE MATTER 3.14 FLASH AND FIRE POINT 3.15 FOGGING 3.16 FUSION 3.17 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY 3.18 HARDNESS 3.19 INFRARED ANALYSIS OF PLASTICIZERS 3.20 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY 3.21 MARKING (CLASSIFICATION) 3.22 MELT RHEOLOGY 3.23 MIGRATION 3.24 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE – STANDARD SPECIFICATION 3.25 POWDER-MIX TIME 3.26 PURITY 3.27 REFRACTIVE INDEX 3.28 RESIDUAL CONTAMINATION 3.29 SAMPLING 3.30 SAPONIFICATION VALUE 3.31 SAYBOLT VISCOSITY 3.32 SORPTION OF PLASTICIZER 3.33 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3.34 SPECIFICATION 3.35 STAINING 3.36 STIFFNESS 3.37 TENSILE PROPERTIES 3.38 THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT 3.39 UNSAPONIFIABLE CONTENTS 3.40 VISCOSITY OF PLASTISOLS AND ORGANOSOLS 3.41 WATER CONCENTRATION 3.42 WEIGHT LOSS REFERENCES Chapter 4. Transportation and Storage 4.1 TRANSPORTATION 4.2 STORAGE REFERENCES Chapter 5. Mechanisms of Plasticizers Action 5.1 CLASSICAL THEORIES 5.2 THE FREE VOLUME THEORY REFERENCES Chapter 6. Compatibility of Plasticizers 6.1 PREDICTION METHODS OF PLASTICIZER COMPATIBILITY 6.2 VALIDATION METHODS 6.3 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZER STRUCTURE AND CONDITIONS OF INCORPORATION ON COMPATIBILITY 6.4 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZER TYPE ON PROPERTIES OF PLASTICIZED MATERIAL Chapter 7. Plasticizer Motion and Diffusion 7.1 PLASTICIZER DIFFUSION RATE AND THE METHODS OF STUDY 7.2 PLASTICIZER MOTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE MATRIX 7.3 PLASTICIZER MIGRATION 7.4 ANTIPLASTICIZATION 7.5 EFFECT OF DIFFUSION AND MOBILITY OF PLASTICIZERS ON THEIR SUITABILITY Chapter 8. Effect of Plasticizers on Other Components of Formulation 8.1 PLASTICIZER CONSUMPTION BY FILLERS 8.2 SOLUBILITY OF ADDITIVES IN PLASTICIZERS 8.3 ADDITIVE MOLECULAR MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS 8.4 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON POLYMERIZATION AND CURING REACTIONS REFERENCES Chapter 9. Plasticization Steps 9.1 PLASTICIZATION STEPS 9.2 STUDIES OF PLASTISOL'S BEHAVIOR DURING GELATION AND FUSION REFERENCES Chapter 10. Effect of Plasticizers on Properties of Plasticized Materials 10.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 10.2 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 10.3 SPECTRAL PROPERTIES 10.4 GLOSS 10.5 SOUND 10.6 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 10.7 MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 10.8 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 10.9 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE 10.10 FLAMMABILITY AND SMOKE FORMATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS 10.11 THERMAL DEGRADATION 10.12 EFFECT OF UV AND IONIZING RADIATION ON PLASTICIZED MATERIALS 10.13 HYDROLYSIS 10.14 BIODEGRADATION IN THE PRESENCE OF PLASTICIZERS 10.15 CRYSTALLIZATION, STRUCTURE, AND ORIENTATION OF MACROMOLECULES 10.16 MORPHOLOGY 10.17 PLASTICIZER EFFECT ON CONTACT WITH OTHER MATERIALS 10.18 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZERS ON SWELLING 10.19 FOGGING 10.20 HYDROPHOBIC/HYDROPHILIC PROPERTIES 10.21 OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF PLASTICIZER IN POLYMER 10.22 SELF-HEALING 10.23 SHRINKAGE 10.24 SOILING 10.25 FREE VOLUME 10.26 DISSOLUTION 10.27 FOAMING 10.28 PERMEABILITY 10.29 SORPTION Chapter 11. Plasticizers Use and Selection for Specific Polymers 11.1 ABS 11.2 ACRYLICS 11.3 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER 11.4 BUTYL TERPOLYMER 11.5 CELLULOSE ACETATE 11.6 CELLULOSE BUTYRATE AND PROPIONATE 11.7 CELLULOSE NITRATE 11.8 CHITOSAN 11.9 CHLORINATED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE 11.10 CHLOROSULFONATED POLYETHYLENE 11.11 COPOLYMERS 11.12 CYANOACRYLATES 11.13 ETHYLCELLULOSE 11.14 EPOXY RESIN 11.15 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE COPOLYMER, EPDM 11.16 ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER, EVA 11.17 IONOMERS 11.18 NITRILE RUBBER 11.19 PERFLUOROPOLYMERS 11.20 POLYACRYLONITRILE 11.21 POLYAMIDE 11.22 POLYAMINE 11.23 POLYANILINE 11.24 POLYBUTADIENE 11.25 POLYBUTYLENE 11.26 POLY(BUTYL METHACRYLATE) 11.27 POLYCARBONATE 11.28 POLYESTER 11.29 POLYETHERIMIDE 11.30 POLYETHYLACRYLATE 11.31 POLYETHYLENE 11.32 POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) 11.33 POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) 11.34 POLYISOBUTYLENE 11.35 POLYISOPRENE 11.36 POLYIMIDE 11.37 POLYLACTIDE 11.38 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE 11.39 POLYPROPYLENE 11.40 POLY(PROPYLENE CARBONATE) 11.41 POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOLE) 11.42 POLY(N-VINYLPYRROLIDONE) 11.43 POLY(PHENYLENE ETHER) 11.44 POLY(PHENYLENE SULFIDE) 11.45 POLYSTYRENE 11.46 POLYSULFIDE 11.47 POLYSULFONE 11.48 POLYURETHANES 11.49 POLYVINYLACETATE 11.50 POLYVINYLALCOHOL 11.51 POLYVINYLBUTYRAL 11.52 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE 11.53 POLYVINYLFLUORIDE 11.54 POLYVINYLIDENEFLUORIDE 11.55 POLYVINYLIDENECHLORIDE 11.56 PROTEINS 11.57 RUBBER, NATURAL 11.58 SILICONE 11.59 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER 11.60 STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER 11.61 STARCH Chapter 12. Plasticizers in Polymer Blends 12.1 PLASTICIZER PARTITION BETWEEN COMPONENT POLYMERS 12.2 INTERACTION OF PLASTICIZERS WITH A BLEND COMPONENTS 12.3 EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS ON BLEND PROPERTIES 12.4 BLENDING TO REDUCE OR TO REPLACE PLASTICIZERS Chapter 13. Plasticizers in Various Industrial Products 13.1 ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS 13.2 AEROSPACE 13.3 AGRICULTURE 13.4 AUTOMOTIVE 13.5 CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS 13.6 COATED FABRICS 13.7 COMPOSITES 13.8 COSMETICS 13.9 CULTURAL HERITAGE 13.10 DENTAL MATERIALS 13.11 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS 13.12 FIBERS 13.13 FILM 13.14 FOOD 13.15 FLOORING 13.16 FOAMS 13.17 FOOTWEAR 13.18 FUEL CELLS 13.19 GASKETS 13.20 HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS 13.21 INKS, VARNISHES, AND LACQUERS 13.22 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 13.23 MEMBRANES 13.24 MICROSPHERES 13.25 PAINTS AND COATINGS 13.26 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS 13.27 PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS 13.28 PIPES 13.29 ROOFING MATERIALS 13.30 TIRES 13.31 TOYS 13.32 TUBING 13.33 WIRE AND CABLE Chapter 14. Plasticizers in Various Processing Methods 14.1 BLOW MOLDING 14.2 CALENDERING 14.3 COIL COATING 14.4 COMPRESSION MOLDING 14.5 COMPOUNDING (MIXING) 14.6 DIP COATING 14.7 DRY BLENDING 14.8 EXTRUSION 14.9 INJECTION MOLDING 14.10 POLYMER SYNTHESIS 14.11 ROTATIONAL MOLDING 14.12 RUBBER PROCESSING 14.13 THERMOFORMING 14.14 WEB COATING 14.15 WIRE COATING Chapter 15. Specialized Analytical Methods in Plasticizer Testing 15.1 PLASTICIZER IDENTIFICATION 15.2 METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF PLASTICIZER CONCENTRATION 15.3 DETERMINATION OF VOLATILITY, MOLECULAR MOTION, DIFFUSION, AND MIGRATION 15.4 METHODS OF STUDY OF PLASTICIZED MATERIALS Chapter 16. Mathematical Modeling in Application to Plasticizers 16.1 PVC-PLASTICIZER INTERACTION MODEL 16.2 GAS PERMEATION 16.3 MIGRATION 16.4 DRY-BLENDING TIME 16.5 GELATION AND FUSION 16.6 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION 16.7 POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK OF EXPOSURE TO DEHP FROM GLOVE Chapter 17. Health and Safety Issues with Plasticizers and Plasticized Materials 17.1 ADJUVANT EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS 17.2 THE RODENT HEPATOCARCINOGENIC RESPONSE TO PHTHALATE PLASTICIZERS: BASIC BIOLOGY AND HUMAN EXTRAPOLATION 17.3 THE INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL NUTRITION ON PHTHALATE TERATOGENICITY 17.4 PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF PHTHALATES: A REVIEW OF U.S. ACTIONS TO PROTECT THOSE MOST VULNERABLE 17.5 PLASTICIZERS IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT Chapter 18. The Environmental Fate of Plasticizers 18.1 INTRODUCTION 18.2 PLASTICIZERS IN WATER 18.3 SOIL AND SEDIMENT 18.4 ORGANISMS 18.5 AIR SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS REFERENCES Chapter 19. Regulations and Data 19.1 TOXIC SUBSTANCE CONTROL 19.2. CARCINOGENIC EFFECT 19.3 TERATOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECT 19.4 WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS 19.5 EXPOSURE FROM CONSUMER PRODUCTS 19.6 PLASTICIZERS IN DRINKING WATER 19.7 FOOD REGULATORY ACTS 19.8 MEDICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS Chapter 20. Personal Protection 20.1 CLOTHING 20.2 GLOVES 20.3 EYE PROTECTION 20.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION REFERENCES Index