Alternative Medicine Interventions for COVID-19

Description

Comprehensive, first-of-its kind summary of alternative, complementary, and pharmaceutical therapies for COVID-19 Vital resource for scientists in research and industry as well as clinicians Cutting-edge, critical assessment of a variety of treatment and prevention methods This research volume examines the available alternative, complementary, pharmaceutical and vaccine methods for treating, mitigating, or preventing COVID-19. Coverage includes traditional Chinese medicine, herbal remedies, nutraceutical/dietary options, and drug/vaccine therapies. All the methods discussed will be critically examined to provide readers with a full, unbiased overview that includes pros/cons of each method. While the nature of COVID-19 is still being studied, and new research and theories are being published daily, this book endeavors to provide readers with a comprehensive summary of current research on alternative and mainstream treatment and prevention methods. Preface Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Introduction to COVID-19 Introduction Origin of COVID Emergence and Epidemiology Human-Animal Interaction as Risk Factor Best Suitable Animal Model COVID and Animal Welfare Molecular Differences Between Different Animal Species Vaccines for COVID from Animals Conclusion References Chapter 2: Medicinal Plants as COVID-19 Remedy Introduction Existing Plants with Potential Therapeutic Applications for Coronavirus Family (SARS-CoV) Plants as Specific Inhibitors of HCoV Target Proteins Bupleurum Species Artemisia annua L. Isatis indigotica Fortune ex Lindl. Alcea digitata (Boiss.) Alef. Lycoris radiata (L’Hér.) Herb. Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Torreya nucifera L. Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. Rheum palmatum L. Cerasus avium (L.) Moench. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Citrus aurantium L. Rubia tinctorum L. Onopordum acanthium L. Quercus infectoria G. Olivier Crataegus microphylla C. Koch Berberis integerrima Bunge Alnus japonica (Thunb.) Steud. Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Psoralea corylifolia L. Tribulus terrestris L. Medicinal Plants as Potential Source of Natural Antiviral Agents Against COVID -19 Allium Sativum (Garlic) Azadirachta indica (Neem) Curcuma domestica (Turmeric, Haldi) Echinacea purpurea L. (Echinacea) Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Fennel) Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm) Mentha piperita L. (Peppermint) Nigella sativa L. (Black Seeds) Origanum vulgare L. (Oregano) Ocimum bacilicum L. (Basil) Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) Senna alexandrina Mill. (Senna Makki) Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Ginger) Limitations Conclusions References Chapter 3: Traditional Chinese Medicines as Possible Remedy Against SARS-CoV-2 Introduction Traditional Chinese Medical Practices Laws for TCM Formulation Antiviral Potential of Plant Metabolites Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Relevance of SARS-CoV with SARS-CoV-2 Entry of SARS-CoV vs. SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cell TCM and SARS-CoV TCM and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Most Practiced Herbs in Formulations Against COVID-19 Utilization Frequency of Herbs in the Formulation of (COVID-19) Decoctions Approved/Proposed Decoctions with Successful Clinical Trials Qingfei Paidu Decoction (QFPD) (Approved) Huashi Baidu Decoction (HBD) (Approved) Xiaochaihu Decoction (XCHD) Xuanfei Baidu Decoction (XFBD) (Approved) Jinhua Qinggan (JQ) (Approved) Huoxiang Zhengqi (HZ) Capsule Lianhua Qingwen (LQ) Xuebijing Injection (XbI) (Approved) Reduning Injection (RdI) Shufeng Jiedu Capsule (SFJC) Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction (MXSGD) (Approved) Yin Qiao San (YQS) Yupingfeng San (YPFS) Therapeutic Logic of TCM as COVID-19 Inhibitor Mechanism of Direct Inhibition TCM Targeting ACE2 TCM Targeting Protease TCM Directly Targeting DNA Via Intercalation TCM Directly Targeting DNA via JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway TCM Targeting sEH Targeting VEGF Targeting DPP4 Targeting JUN Targeting EGFR Targeting IL1B Mechanism of Indirect Mechanisms Anti-inflammation and Immune Regulation to Avoid Cytokine Storm TCM Protect Organ Damage in COVID-19 Patients Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Potential TCM Targets Cytokine-Mediated Positive and Negative Immunity TCM Targeting MAPK (Cytokine) TCM Targeting Platinum Drug Resistance (Cytokine) TCM Targeting Tyrosine Kinase Resistance (Cytokine) TCM Targeting Interleukins (ILs) (Cytokine) TCM Targeting TNF (Cytokines) TCM Targeting Lymphocyte-Mediated Adaptive Immune System Regulation of Apoptosis and Potential TCM Targets TCM Targeting BCL Proteins TCM Targeting CASP 7TCM Targeting Akt or Protein Kinase B (PKB) Regulation of NF-κB Pathway and Potential TCM Targets TCM Targeting TP53 TCM Targeting ICAM1 TCM Targeting RELA Regulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism and Potential TCM Targets TCM Targeting cPLA2α of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism TCM Targeting Cyclooxygenase-2 of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism TCM Targeting LOX of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism TCM Targeting Cytochrome P450 TCM Targeting Leukotrienes (LTs) TCM Targeting CALM TCM Targeting HIF-1 Signaling Pathways TCM Targeting Endocrine Resistance TCM Targeting FOS TCM Targeting PTGS2 Regulation of Polyamine Metabolism and Potential TCM Targets TCM Targeting NOS2 and AOC1 TCM Targeting CCL2 Meta-analysis TCM from Chinese Combat Zone to World Combat Zone Shortcomings of Antiviral Medicine on COVID-19 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Plant-Based Natural Products: Potential Anti-COVID-19 Agents Introduction Antiviral Mechanistic Aspects of Phytochemicals Mechanism Plant Selection for Antiviral Screening Different Classes of Phytochemicals as Antiviral Agents Alkaloids Flavonoids Classification of Flavonoids Chalcones Dihydrochalcones Flavones Flavonones Dihydroflavonols Flavonol Isoflavonoids Isoflavones Isoflavanones Neoflavonoids Terpenoids Tannins Vitamins Chromones and Coumarins Organosulfur Compounds Selenium Compounds Miscellaneous Antiviral Phytochemicals Curcumin and Its Derivative Chlorophyllin Gingerols Chitin and Chitosan Anthraquinone Conclusion References Chapter 5: Foods as First Defense Against COVID-19 Introduction Role of Nutrition and Diet in Prevention and Management of COVID-19 Prioritizing Nutrition Interventions During COVID-19 Grains Vegetables and Fruits Nuts Legumes Meat Milk and Milk Products Herbs Role of Vitamins in COVID-19 Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Role of Minerals in COVID-19 Iron Selenium Zinc Magnesium Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Nutrients for Immune System and Resilience in COVID-19 Nutrition in Lowering Stress and Depression in COVID-19 Food Choices for Diabetic Patients During COVID-19 Food Choices for Cardiovascular Patients During COVID-19 Food Choices for Cancer Patients During COVID-19 Food Choices for Patients with Digestive Disorders During COVID-19 Food Choices for Pulmonary Disease Patients During COVID-19 Malnutrition May Exacerbate COVID-19 Nutrition and Post-COVID Recovery Future Perspectives Conclusion References Chapter 6: Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19 Introduction Dexamethasone Chloroquine Remdesivir Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Spike Protein Inhibitors Conclusions References Chapter 7: COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccines Introduction COVID-19 Vaccines: A Need of Time Coronavirus Vaccine Development: Challenges of the Past Vaccine Development Strategies Nucleic Acid Vaccines Protein Subunit Vaccines Inactivated or Live-Attenuated Virus Vaccines Virus Vector-Based Vaccines Repurposed Vaccines for COVID-19 and Off-Target Effects of Other Vaccines Plant-Based Vaccines Animal Models for SARS-CoV-2 Studies Cell Culture Systems for SARS-CoV-2 Studies Clinical and Immunological Endpoints Vaccine Development Landscape Global and Equitable Distribution of Vaccines Vaccine Developers and Geographical Distribution Conclusions References Chapter 8: Updates in Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 Introduction Sinovac Biotech, China Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 9: COVID-19: Recent Developments in Therapeutic Approaches Introduction Morphology of SARS-CoV-2 Genome Organization of SARS-CoV-2 Replication of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of COVID-19 Antivirals or Immunomodulatory Drugs for COVID-19 Vaccine for COVID-19 Plasma/Serotherapy for COVID-19 Alternative Therapies Anticoagulant Therapy Glucocorticoids (GC) Stem Cell-Based Therapy ACE-2-Mediated Therapies CRISPR/Cas System Conclusion References Index