Bruno Touschek 100 Years: Memorial Symposium 2021

Description

This open access book celebrates the contribution of Bruno Touschek to theoretical physics and particle colliders in Europe. It contains direct testimonials from his former students, collaborators, and eminent scientists, among them, two Nobel Prize winners in Physics, Giorgio Parisi and Carlo Rubbia. It reviews the main developments in theoretical and accelerator physics in the second half of the twentieth century, while at the same time providing an overview of future prospects worldwide. This book is unique in that it will be of interest to historians of physics and also to the younger generation of researchers. Through the contribution of the leading protagonists, the interested scholar will learn about the past, present status, and relevance of both theoretical and experimental accelerator physics. The overview of Bruno Touschek’s life and works across Europe, from pre-war Vienna to Germany, the UK, Italy, and France, adds a human dimension to the scientific narration, while the open access status makes this laudatory book available to anyone with interest. Preface Contents Contributors Part I Talks Given at the Physics Department, Università di Roma La Sapienza 1 Bruno “Burl” Touschek (1921–1978) 2 Bruno Touschek (1921–1978). The Path to Electron-Positron Collisions 2.1 A European Scientist 2.2 Intellectual and Family Roots. Childhood and Early Youth in Vienna 2.3 University Studies in Vienna After the Anschluss 2.4 Moving to Germany Protected by Arnold Sommerfeld 2.5 Building a 15-MeV Betatron with Rolf Widerøe 2.6 Surviving Gestapo Captivity and a Death March to Kiel 2.7 In Göttingen with Heisenberg and Other Members of the Uranium Club 2.8 In Glasgow (1947–1952): The Making of a Theoretical Physicist 2.9 Participating in the Reconstruction and Revival of Italian Physics 2.10 Towards Matter-Antimatter Physics 2.11 Colliding Beams in the 1950s: e-e- versus e+e- 2.12 From CPT to AdA, the First Particle-Antiparticle Collider 2.13 The Garden of Eden of Electron-Positron Annihilations 2.14 AdA in Orsay, at LAL 2.15 1960s–1970s: ADONE and the Formation of a Theoretical School in Rome and Frascati 2.16 1977–1978: At CERN in Geneva 2.17 Conclusion References 3 AdA at Orsay 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Orsay Scientific Program 3.3 Conclusion References 4 Bruno Touschek and Statistical Mechanics 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Touschek's Teaching Activity 4.2 The Birth of the Book ``Meccanica Statistica'' 4.3 The Content of the Book 4.3.1 Covariant Thermodynamics and the Lorentz Transformation Properties of Temperature 4.3.2 The Hourglass and the Periodic Statistical Clock 4.3.3 Micro-reversibility Versus Macro-irreversibility 4.4 Some Personal Recollections 4.5 Conclusions References 5 Role of Bruno Touschek in the Realization of the Particle-Antiparticle Colliders 6 Adone, Asymptotic Freedom and QCD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Adone Intersecting Storage Ring 6.3 Particle Theory in the Beginning of the Sixties and the Design of the Experimental Apparatus 6.4 Partons: Back to Field Theory 6.4.1 Partons in Electron Collisions 6.4.2 Asymptotic Freedom References 7 The Standard Theory and Theoretical Physics in Roma 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Elementary Constituents Versus Nuclear Democracy 7.3 Gatto, Cabibbo, Touschek and Cini in Roma and Frascati 7.4 Particle Physics in the Late Sixties 7.5 The First Weak Interaction Loop 7.6 May 1970: Back in Roma 7.7 Going Electroweak 7.8 Working in Roma in the Seventies 7.9 The Altarelli–Parisi Equations 7.10 New Research Lines and New Younger Generations in Roma 7.11 Conclusions References 8 Detectors and Experiments at the Laboratory for Electro-Strong Physics: A Personal View 8.1 Remembering Bruno Touschek 8.2 Homage to Bruno 8.3 The Four LEP Detectors 8.4 The Electroweak Sector of the Standard Model 8.5 In Search of the Higgs Boson 8.6 Quantum Chromodynamics 8.7 Unification of the Forces and the First Microsecond 8.8 LEP Highlights and Its Legacy to the LHC Experiments References 9 From the Hadronic String to Quantum Gravity ... and Back 9.1 Strong Interactions in the Mid Sixties 9.2 Dual Resonance Models 9.3 The Dual Resonance Model and Relativistic Quantum Strings: From Hints to Proof 9.4 Beautiful, Elegant, But Not the Right Theory! 9.5 QCD Takes over 9.6 Turning a Defeat into a Victory? 9.6.1 Stringy Symmetries 9.6.2 The D-brane revolution 9.6.3 Gauge-Gravity Duality 9.7 Back to Square One? References 10 QCD and Supercomputers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Perturbative and Non-perturbative QCD 10.3 Lattice QCD and Flavour Physics 10.4 The Inclusive-Exclusive Vcb Saga 10.4.1 The Classical Determination of vertVcbvert 10.4.2 The Dispersive Matrix Determination 10.4.3 vertVubvert, vertVcbvert and UTfit 10.5 Radiative Corrections to Weak Decays 10.6 Conclusions References Part II Talks Given at National Laboratories of INFN, Frascati 11 Bruno Touschek and the Physics at Frascati at the Time of AdA and ADONE References 12 Accelerators at LNF: From AdA to EuPRAXIA 12.1 Introduction 12.2 ADONE Second Life 12.3 LISA 12.4 DAΦNE Φ-Factory 12.5 SPARC-Lab 12.6 EuPRAXIA 12.7 Conclusion 13 Accelerator Physics at IJCLab-ORSAY 13.1 Introduction. IJCLab a New European Laboratory 13.2 Accelerators Research Physics at IJCLab 13.2.1 A Short Historical Overview 13.2.2 IJCLab Accelerator Physics Today 13.3 Conclusions 14 Technical Challenges for Future Accelerators 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Accelerator Frontiers 14.2.1 The Energy Frontier 14.2.2 The Luminosity Frontier 14.2.3 The Intensity Frontier 14.3 Technology Advance: Superconducting Magnets for h–h and RF Cavities for e-e 14.3.1 Superconducting Magnets 14.3.2 Superconducting RF Development 14.4 Beyond Superconducting RF Cavities and Superconducting Magnets 14.5 Conclusions References Part III Talks Given at Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma 15 The Making of AdA: Bruno Touschek's Journey from Widerøe's Betatron to Storage Rings 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Who Was Bruno Touschek? 15.3 Touschek from Vienna to Hamburg and Berlin 15.3.1 Hamburg Days and a Journey to Berlin 15.4 Bruno Touschek's Legacy to Accelerator Physics 15.4.1 Touschek and His First Accelerator: Widerøe's Betatron 15.4.2 A Death-Ray Project in Hamburg and Touschek's Imprisonment 15.4.3 Bruno's Dream: To Become a Physicist 15.4.4 The Making of AdA 15.4.5 ADONE: Touschek's Last Accelerator 15.5 Touschek's Way to the Infrared Catastrophe 15.6 Conclusions References 16 The Making of ADONE 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Beginning of Electron–Positron Colliders 16.3 The ADONE Project 16.4 High Intensity Effects in ADONE 16.5 Commissioning ADONE 16.6 Reaching ADONE Design Luminosity 16.7 Conclusions References 17 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Particle Physics 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Superconductivity 17.3 The NJL Model 17.4 SSB in Gauge Theories and the Electroweak Unification 17.5 SSB in Non-equilibrium References 18 String Theory 18.1 Bruno and Me 18.2 From Dual Resonance Model to String Theory 18.3 The Dual Pion Model 18.4 Unification of Gauge Theories and Gravity 18.5 From the RNS Model to Superstring 18.6 Superstring Theories: Type IIA, Type IIB, Type I 18.7 D(irichlet)p-Branes 18.8 M-theory References 19 Multi-messenger Astronomy 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Gravitational-Wave Astronomy 19.3 Multi-messenger Astronomy Including Gravitational-Waves 19.4 The Future of Gravitational-Wave and Multi-messenger Astronomy References 20 High Energy Physics and the European Strategy 21 Circular Colliders in China References 22 Linear Colliders 22.1 Introduction 22.2 CLIC Layout 22.3 CLIC Parameter Overview 22.4 Luminosity Margins and Performance 22.5 Brief Summary of the CLIC Technical Maturity 22.6 CLIC Schedule, Cost Estimate, and Power Consumption 22.7 The CLIC Programme 2021–2025 22.8 The ILC Accelerator 22.9 Status of the ILC Accelerator Developments 22.9.1 Positron Source 22.9.2 BDS and Interaction Point 22.9.3 SRF Technology 22.10 Technical Preparation of ILC with a Pre-lab 22.11 Sustainability of Linear Colliders References 23 Remembering Bruno Touschek 23.1 Remembering the Founders: Bruno Touschek’s Papers, Giovanni Battimelli 23.2 Touschek: A Great Master of Quantum Electrodynamics and Statistical Mechanics, Franco Buccella 23.3 AdA as Historic Site of the European Physical Society to Pay a Tribute to Bruno Touschek, Luisa Cifarelli 23.4 Touschek’s Approach to Students, Carlo Di Castro 23.5 Memories of Bruno Touschek, Giovanni Gallavotti 23.6 Memories of an Extraordinary Person: Bruno Touschek, Luciano Pietronero