Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: From Principles to Applications in Nanosystems

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Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics provides powerful tools departing not from empirical or statistical considerations but from fundamental thermodynamic laws, proposing final solutions that are readily usable and recognizable for students, researchers and industry. The book deals with methods that allow combining easily the present theory with other fields of science, such as fluid and solid mechanics, heat and mass transfer processes, electricity and thermoelectricity, and so on. Not only are such combinations facilitated, but they are incorporated into the developments in such a way that they become part of the theory. This book aims at providing for a systematic presentation of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in nanosystems with a high degree of applicability. Furthermore, the book deals with how physical properties of systems behave as a function of their size. Moreover, it provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electrical, thermoelectric, photovoltaic and nanofluid properties in nanosystems. Experimental results are used to validate the theory, the comparison is analysed, justified and discussed, and the theory is then again used to understand better experimental observations. The new developments in this book, being recognizable in relation with familiar concepts, should make it appealing for academics and researchers to teach and apply and graduate students to use. The text in this book is intended to bring attention to how the theory can be applied to real-life applications in nanoscaled environments. Case studies, and applications of theories, are explored including thereby nanoporous systems, solar panels, nanomedicine drug permeation and properties of nanoporous scaffolds. Explores new generalized thermodynamic models Provides introductory context of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics within classical thermodynamics, theoretical fundamentals and several applications in nanosystems Provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electric, thermoelectric and viscous properties as a function of several parameters in nanosystems Includes reflections to encourage the reader to think further and put the information into context Examines future developments of new constitutive equations and theories and places them in the framework of real-life applications in the energetic and medical sectors, such as photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices, nanoporous media, drug delivery and scaffolds  Read more... Abstract: Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics provides powerful tools departing not from empirical or statistical considerations but from fundamental thermodynamic laws, proposing final solutions that are readily usable and recognizable for students, researchers and industry. The book deals with methods that allow combining easily the present theory with other fields of science, such as fluid and solid mechanics, heat and mass transfer processes, electricity and thermoelectricity, and so on. Not only are such combinations facilitated, but they are incorporated into the developments in such a way that they become part of the theory. This book aims at providing for a systematic presentation of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in nanosystems with a high degree of applicability. Furthermore, the book deals with how physical properties of systems behave as a function of their size. Moreover, it provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electrical, thermoelectric, photovoltaic and nanofluid properties in nanosystems. Experimental results are used to validate the theory, the comparison is analysed, justified and discussed, and the theory is then again used to understand better experimental observations. The new developments in this book, being recognizable in relation with familiar concepts, should make it appealing for academics and researchers to teach and apply and graduate students to use. The text in this book is intended to bring attention to how the theory can be applied to real-life applications in nanoscaled environments. Case studies, and applications of theories, are explored including thereby nanoporous systems, solar panels, nanomedicine drug permeation and properties of nanoporous scaffolds. Explores new generalized thermodynamic models Provides introductory context of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics within classical thermodynamics, theoretical fundamentals and several applications in nanosystems Provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electric, thermoelectric and viscous properties as a function of several parameters in nanosystems Includes reflections to encourage the reader to think further and put the information into context Examines future developments of new constitutive equations and theories and places them in the framework of real-life applications in the energetic and medical sectors, such as photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices, nanoporous media, drug delivery and scaffolds Content: Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Author I: General Considerations 1 Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: Constitutive Equations at Small Length Scales and High Frequencies 1.1 Introduction 1.2 A General Heat Transport Equation in Terms of High-Order Heat Fluxes 1.3 A Generalized Transport Equation in Terms of the Heat Flux 1.4 A Simplified Expression of Eq. (1.17) 1.5 One-Dimensional Numerical Illustration 1.6 Extension to Other Constitutive Laws 1.7 Conclusions References 2 Heat Transfer in Nanomaterials 2.1 Transient Heat Transport in Nanofilms2.1.1 Definition of the Space of State Variables 2.1.2 Establishment of the Evolution Equations 2.1.3 Elimination of the Fluxes 2.2 Transient Temperature Distribution in Thin Films 2.2.1 Initial Conditions 2.2.2 Boundary Conditions 2.2.3 Discussion of the Results 2.3 Heat Conduction in Nanoparticles Through an Effective Thermal Conductivity 2.4 Heat Conduction in Nanowires Through an Effective Thermal Conductivity References 3 Heat Conduction in Nanocomposites 3.1 Theoretical Models 3.1.1 Effective Medium Approach 3.1.2 Effect of Agglomeration3.1.3 Effective Thermal Conductivity of the Matrix and the Nanoparticles 3.1.4 Nanocomposites with Embedded Nanowires 3.1.5 Temperature Dependence 3.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites 3.2.1 Volume-Fraction-Dependent Agglomeration 3.2.2 Dependence of the Effective Thermal Conductivity Versus the Volume-Fraction-Dependent Agglomeration 3.2.3 Final Validation of Dependence of the Effective Thermal Conductivity Versus the Volume-Fraction-Dependent Agglomeration 3.3 Semiconductor Nanocomposites 3.3.1 Application to Si/Ge Nanocomposites with Nanoparticle Inclusions 3.3.2 Application to Si/Ge Nanocomposites with Nanowire Inclusions3.4 Nanoporous Composites 3.4.1 Nanoporous Materials 3.4.2 Nanoporous Particles in a Composite References II: Selected Applications 4 Thermal Rectifier Efficiency of Various Bulk-Nanoporous Silicon Devices 4.1 Principles of Thermal Rectifiers 4.2 Thermal Conductivity of Bulk and Porous Silicon 4.2.1 Thermal Conductivity 4.2.2 Notions on the Thermal Boundary Resistance 4.3 Configurations for Thermal Rectifiers 4.3.1 Homogeneous Two- and Three-Phase Systems 4.3.2 Bulk-Porous-Bulk and Porous-Bulk-Porous Si Configurations4.3.3 Graded Porosity 4.3.4 Graded Pore Size 4.4 Analysis of Thermal Rectification 4.4.1 Homogeneous Two- and Three-Phase Systems 4.4.2 Bulk-Porous-Bulk and Porous-Bulk-Porous Si Configurations 4.4.3 Graded Porosity 4.4.4 Graded Pore Size 4.5 Combining Graded Porosity and Pore Size References 5 Thermoelectric Devices 5.1 Thermodynamics Behind Thermoelectric Devices 5.2 Basics in Nanoscale Heat and Electric Transfer 5.3 Nanofilm Thermoelectric Devices 5.3.1 Theory