Criminal Justice and Mental Health: An Overview for Students

Description

This textbook provides an overview of the overlap between the criminal justice system and mental health for students of criminology and criminal justice. It provides an accessible overview of basic signs and symptoms of major mental illnesses and size of scope of justice-involved individuals with mental illness. In the United States, the law enforcement and the criminal justice system is often the first public service to be in contact with individuals suffering from mental illness or in mental distress. Those with untreated mental illnesses are often at higher risk for committing criminal acts, and due to a lack of mental health facilities, resources, and pervasive misconceptions about this population, those with mental illness often end up in the corrections system. This timely work covers the roles of each part of the criminal justice system interacting with mentally ill individuals, from law enforcement and first responders, social services, public health services, sentencing and corrections, to release and re-entry. It also addresses the crucial need of mental healthcare for criminal justice professionals, who suffer from high rates of job stress, PTSD, and other mental health issues. With new chapters on stigma, mental illness during and after disaster and crisis, and updates and new supplementary materials throughout, this book will be of interest to students of criminology and criminal justice, sociology, psychology, and public health. It will also be of interest to policy-makers and practitioners already working in the field, interacting with and addressing the needs of mentally ill individuals.  Preface Contents Chapter 1: Mental Illness, Then and Now 1.1 A Brief History 1.1.1 The First Impetus for Change: Dorothea Dix 1.1.2 Moral Treatment Thrives and Declines 1.1.3 The Miracle Drugs 1.1.4 Deinstitutionalization 1.1.5 The Media Coverage of Hospital Conditions and Homelessness and Social Awareness 1.1.6 The Impact of the War on Crime and the Incarceration State 1.2 Current Policy 1.3 Key Problems Today 1.3.1 Trauma 1.3.2 Co-occurring Disorders 1.3.3 Dollars and CentsSense 1.4 Rethinking Mental Health 1.4.1 A Continuum of Care 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Stigma 2.1 Defining Stigma 2.1.1 Double and Multiple Stigma – Layered Stigma 2.1.2 A Review of Recent Stigma Research 2.2 Champions for the Cause 2.3 Pop Culture and Real Life 2.3.1 Media Scrutiny – A Case Study 2.4 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Size and Scope of Justice-Involved Mental Illness 3.1 What We Know – It’s Complicated 3.1.1 Population Surveys 3.1.2 Health Care Surveys 3.1.3 Vital Statistics 3.1.4 Putting It All Together – A Summary of Mental Health in America Today 3.2 What We Don’t Know 3.3 What We Know We Don’t Know – Hidden Mental Illness 3.3.1 Marginalized Groups and Cultural Differences 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4: The Frontline: EMS, Law Enforcement, and Probation and Parole 4.1 Know the Role 4.1.1 EMS and Trained Firefighters 4.1.2 Law Enforcement 4.1.3 Probation and Parole 4.2 Common Interactions 4.2.1 Frequent Flyers: An Example of Typical and Common Interactions (and Frustrations) 4.3 Common Problems 4.3.1 Police–Citizen with Mental Illness Encounters 4.3.1.1 Baltimore, Maryland: A Model Story for Systemic Failure on the Frontline 4.3.1.2 Not All Is Lost: Positive Law Enforcement Interactions 4.3.1.3 The Treatment Advocacy Center Issues Road Runners Report 4.3.2 Interfacing with the Homeless or Near Homeless Population 4.4 Evidence-Based Solutions 4.4.1 Crisis Intervention Teams: The Preferred Solution 4.4.2 Mental Health First Aid 4.4.3 Alternative Destination Pilot Project: North Carolina 4.4.4 Community Paramedic Program: Grady EMS (Atlanta) 4.4.5 A Survey of Other Approaches Across the Country 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Treatment: Intersection with Criminal Justice 5.1 Where Do People Fall Through the Cracks? 5.2 Common Problems 5.2.1 Medical Coverage 5.2.2 Medical Records 5.2.3 Barriers of Public Housing 5.3 Common Resources 5.3.1 Detox 5.3.2 Inpatient Treatment Services 5.3.3 Intensive Outpatient (IOP) Treatment 5.3.4 12 Steps – AA/NA and Alternatives, Such as SMART Recovery 5.3.5 Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Teams 5.3.6 The Value of Compulsory Treatment 5.4 Treatment Settings 5.4.1 Community Mental Health Centers 5.4.2 Emergency Rooms and Hospitalization 5.4.3 Group Homes 5.4.4 Transitional Housing and Recovery Residences: Halfway Houses, Sober Houses, and Three-Quarter Houses 5.4.5 Safe Haven, Behavioral Health Solutions Center, and Other “Centralized” One-Stop Facilities 5.5 Federal/National Resources 5.5.1 SAMHSA 5.5.2 National Alliance on Mental Illness 5.6 Example of Innovation in Available Resources and Emerging Technology – Mobile Health (mHealth) and Telehealth Options 5.7 A Canary in the Shaft – American Mental Health Troubles Seen Abroad 5.8 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Jails 6.1 Know the Role 6.1.1 Constitutionally Acceptable Level of Care: The Status Quo 6.1.2 Common Interactions 6.1.3 Common Problems 6.1.4 Preventable Tragedies 6.2 Evidence-Based Solutions 6.2.1 Step Two: Latest Generation Assessment and Screening Tools and Data Capacity 6.2.2 Defining a Sequential Intercept Model and Notating Gaps in Services 6.2.3 Prioritize and Implement New Policies, Practices, and Improvements and Then Track Progress 6.3 Bureau of Justice Assistance: A Source of Support 6.4 Evidence-Based Practices Resource Center and Crime Solutions 6.5 The Role of Jails in the Future 6.5.1 Drain the Jail: Customized Specialty Courts 6.5.2 Avoid the Jail: One-Stop Crisis Mental Health Facilities 6.5.3 Use the Jail: Expand Available Services, Case Management, and Use of Re-entry Plan 6.5.4 Out of the (Pizza) Box Innovations 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Court Programs 7.1 Know the Role: Drug Court 7.1.1 Drug Court Adaptations for Special Populations 7.1.2 Mental Health Courts 7.1.3 The 22nd Judicial District Behavioral Health Court of Louisiana 7.2 Older Initiatives, Mental Health Court Precursors 7.3 Assisted Outpatient Treatment Court (AOT) 7.4 A Note on Veterans Treatment Courts 7.5 The Future of Mental Health Courts 7.6 A Key Weakness in the Court’s Role: Revocation, a Case Study 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Prison 8.1 Know the Role 8.1.1 Reaffirming Minimal Mental Health Care: The Epicenter (California) and the New Frontier (Alabama) 8.1.2 The Common Affront: Locking Someone in ad seg 8.1.3 A Local Case Study: Boston 8.2 Example Progressive Programming and Program Elements 8.2.1 Pen Pals, Inc. 8.3 Pop-Culture and Prison, New Links to Awareness 8.4 Out of the Box Innovations 8.5 More Traditional Innovation 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Release and Reentry 9.1 They’re Back! But They Aren’t Poltergeist: Stigma Revisited 9.2 How Are We Dealing with It? 9.2.1 Jail to Community Reentry 9.2.1.1 An Example of an Early Adopter: Hampden County Sheriff’s Department 9.2.2 Prison to Community Reentry 9.2.2.1 A Gem in the Rough: Lafayette Parish Sheriff Reentry 9.2.3 Reentry Court 9.2.3.1 The 22nd Judicial District Reentry Court of Louisiana 9.3 Known Gaps and Barriers 9.3.1 Technology as a Barrier 9.3.2 Disenfranchisement (Felons Can’t Vote) 9.3.3 Facing Employers 9.3.4 Facing Relationships 9.3.5 Collateral Consequences 9.4 How Do We Break the Cycle? 9.4.1 The Role of Employers 9.4.2 Ban the Box: Does It Work? 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Community-Based and Grassroots Programs 10.1 Know the Role 10.2 Facing the Stigma Head On: Heroin Walks Like Cancer Walks 10.3 Partners 4 Strong Minds (Strong 365) and One Mind Care Connect 10.4 Heads Together 10.5 Born this Way 10.6 The Boris Lawrence Henson Foundation 10.7 Brands 10.7.1 Clothing Brands 10.7.2 Beauty Brands 10.7.3 Others 10.8 Active Minds 10.9 SLIDDE, University of Louisiana at Lafayette 10.10 Dave’s Killer Bread 10.11 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Self-Care for Professionals 11.1 What No One Talks About: Our Own Mental Health 11.1.1 Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, and Vicarious Trauma: Working with People in Crisis 11.2 Traumatic Experiences and Fatigue: What We Know 11.3 Self-Care: Why Is It Important 11.4 Examples of Self-Care Programming 11.5 Conclusion References Chapter 12: What Works, What’s Promising, and Lessons from the Pandemic 12.1 Looking Forward 12.1.1 Legislative Progress 12.2 Change Is Taking Place, Slowly 12.3 Change Agents 12.4 Theoretical Considerations 12.4.1 Restorative Justice and Relevant Theory 12.4.2 Reintegrative Shaming in Action 12.4.3 The Future of Reintegrative Shaming in Research 12.5 Pandemic Considerations 12.6 Concluding Remarks References Index