Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 58: Phosphorus Use Efficiency for Sustainable Agriculture

Description

This book presents recently-developed crop, soil, and management practices that can be used to improve phosphorous use efficiency in agriculture. Food security highly depends on the availability of plant nutrients such as phosphorus, yet rock phosphate reserves are expected to be exhausted in the next 50–100 years. Moreover, about 80% of the phosphorous fertilizers applied to soils become unavailable to plants due to phosphorous fixation in iron and aluminum oxides in acidic soils and with carbonates in alkaline soils. As a consequence, only 10-15% of applied phosphorous is up taken by crops. Therefore, there is a need for advanced practices for improving phosphorus use efficiency. Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Chapter 1: Permaculture Principles, Practices, and Environmentalism 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Permaculture Ethics and Design Principles 1.3 Permaculture Practices Applied in Varying Spatial Scales 1.3.1 Food Production in Harmony with Nature 1.3.2 Low-Impact Housing 1.3.3 Permaculture Implementation at the Community Level 1.3.4 Permaculture Beyond a Geographically Confined Community 1.4 Permaculture Environmentalism 1.5 Conclusions References Chapter 2: Sources and Solubilization of Phosphatic Fertilizers 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Phosphorus Forms 2.3 Phosphorus Shortage 2.4 Solubilization of Rock Phosphate 2.5 Availability of Phosphorus and Implications on Agriculture Systems 2.6 Rock Phosphate as a Natural Fertilizer 2.7 Processing Affect Phosphorus Availability for Plants 2.7.1 Phosphate Mineralization 2.7.2 Adsorption and Desorption 2.7.3 Weathering, Precipitation, and Dissolution 2.8 Factors Influence Availability of Phosphorus 2.9 Biodiversity of Phosphate Dissolving Microorganisms 2.10 Manufacture of P Fertilizers 2.10.1 Nano Fertilizers 2.11 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Organic Phosphorous as an Alternative to Mineral Phosphatic Fertilizers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Global Inorganic Phosphorous Status and Challenges 3.3 Phosphorus in the Soil Agriculture System 3.4 Organic Phosphorus Fertilizer 3.5 Testing Techniques of Organic Phosphorous 3.6 Impact of Organic Phosphorous on Soil 3.7 Impact of Organic Phosphorous on Crops 3.8 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Adaptive Responses of Crop Species Against Phosphorus Deficiency 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Crops Adaptive Responses to Phosphorus Starvation 4.2.1 Modifications of Root Architecture 4.2.2 Root Associated-Microbial Modulation 4.2.3 Gene Expression Induced by Phosphorus Starvation 4.3 Mechanisms of Phosphorus Acquisition and Homeostasis 4.3.1 Phosphorus Acquisition 4.3.2 Phosphorus Translocation 4.3.3 Phosphorus Re-Mobilization 4.4 Plant Root Exudation Under Phosphorus Deficiency 4.5 Microbial Symbiotic Associations 4.6 Microbial Communities Mediated Phosphorus Dynamics 4.7 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Biochar for Sustainable Phosphorus Management in Agroecosystems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Phosphorus Dynamics in Soils 5.3 Biochar as a Soil Amendment 5.4 Biochar and Soil Phosphorus Dynamics 5.4.1 Biochar-Mediated Effects on the Soil Phosphorus Cycle 5.4.2 Effects of Biochar and Phosphorus on Crop Productivity 5.4.3 Effects of Biochar on Soil Phosphorus Dynamics 5.4.4 Interactions of Biochar with Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus Fertilizers 5.5 Biochar, Phosphorus Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Phenotyping for Assessing Genotypic Variation in Phosphorus Use Efficiency 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Shoots 6.3 Roots 6.4 Rhizosphere 6.5 Different Sensors for Plant Phenotyping 6.5.1 Multispectral Imaging Cameras 6.5.2 Hyperspectral Imaging Cameras 6.5.3 Thermal Infrared Imaging Cameras 6.6 Application of Plant Phenotyping 6.6.1 Yield Phenotyping 6.6.2 Biomass Phenotyping 6.6.3 Plant Height Phenotyping 6.6.4 Leaf Area Index Phenotyping 6.6.5 Chlorophyll Phenotyping 6.6.6 Phenotyping of Other Traits 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Advanced Biotechnological Tools for Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definition of Phosphorus Use Efficiency 7.3 Important Traits for Enhancing Phosphorus Use Efficiency 7.4 Physiological Traits Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency 7.4.1 Utilization of Phosphate Transporters for Breeding Phosphorous Efficient Plants 7.4.2 Membrane Lipid Remodeling to Drive Phosphorous Remobilization 7.4.3 Signaling Pathways 7.5 Phenotyping 7.6 Genetics and Breeding to Improve the Phosphorus Use Efficiency 7.6.1 Mapping Populations 7.6.2 Molecular Marker and Genetic Linkage Map 7.6.3 Breeding of Phosphorous-Efficient Crop Varieties 7.7 Genes Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency 7.8 Microbial Inoculants, Biofertilization and Phosphate Fertilizers 7.9 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Phosphorus Acquisition for Sustainable Agriculture 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Soil Phosphorus and Acquisition by Plant Roots 8.2.1 Microorganism in the Acquisition of Phosphorus 8.2.2 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Acquisition of Phosphorus 8.2.3 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Effect on the Roots of Mycorrhizal Plants 8.2.4 Uptake Mechanism of Soil Phosphorus by Mycelium 8.2.5 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Modulate the Expression of Phosphorus Related Genes 8.3 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Phosphorus Cycle Enzymes to Remedy Soil Phosphorus Deficiency 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Soil Enzymes 9.2.1 Soil Enzymes and Enzyme Activity 9.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle Enzymes 9.2.2.1 Ureases 9.2.2.2 Amidase 9.2.2.3 L-Asparaginase 9.2.2.4 L-Glutaminase 9.2.2.5 Proteases 9.3 Phosphorus Cycle Enzymes 9.3.1 Phosphomonoesterases 9.3.1.1 Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases Acid Phosphatase Alkaline Phosphatase 9.3.1.2 Soil Phosphatase Activity 9.3.2 Role of Fertilizer Phosphorus in Biological Nitrogen Fixation 9.4 Biological Nitrogen Fixation 9.4.1 The Nitrogen Fixation Process 9.4.2 Significance of Biological Nitrogen Fixation to Soil Fertility 9.4.3 Nitrogen-Fixing Organisms 9.4.4 Factors Limiting Biological Nitrogen Fixation 9.4.4.1 Physical Constraints 9.4.4.2 Chemical Constraints 9.4.4.3 Biological Constraints 9.5 Nitrogen-Phosphorus Dynamics and Root Nodulation 9.5.1 Root and Root Nodules 9.5.2 Chlorophyll Content of Plant Leaf 9.6 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Phosphorus Nutrition Enhancement of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pastures 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Potentials of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pasture Swards 10.2.1 Types of Biological Nitrogen Fixation 10.2.1.1 Symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation 10.2.2 Non-symbiotic Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pastures 10.3 Optimization of Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Low-Input Agriculture 10.3.1 Optimizing Biological Nitrogen Fixation via Intercropping and Crop Rotation Systems 10.4 Optimizing Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Pastures via Ecofriendly Phosphorus Nutrition 10.4.1 Inclusion of Phosphorus-Mobilizing Species in Pasture Swards 10.4.2 Phosphorus Nutrition Through Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Associations for Improved Biological Nitrogen Fixation 10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Index