Integration and Differentiation in the European Union: Theory and Policies

Description

Far from displaying a uniform pattern, European integration varies significantly across policy areas and individual countries. Why do some member states choose to opt out of specific EU policies? Why are some policies deeply integrated whereas others remain intergovernmental? In this updated second edition, the authors introduce the most important theoretical approaches to European integration and apply these to the trajectories of key EU policy areas. Arguing that no single theory offers a completely convincing explanation of integration and differentiation in the EU, this thought-provoking book provides a new synthesis of integration theory and an original way of thinking about what the EU is and how it works. Preface to the 2nd edition Contents Abbreviations Country Codes for Figure 2.3 List of Figures List of Tables List of Boxes 1 Introduction A Story of Integration—and Differentiation Differentiated Integration in EU Studies The How and Why of Differentiated Integration: A Preview Structure of the Book References 2 The European Union as a System of Differentiated Integration Between International Organization and State Membership Delimitation Authority Governance Capacity Legitimacy Differentiated Integration Measuring Differentiated Integration Mapping Differentiated Integration Differentiation: A Persistent Feature of European Integration References Part I Theory 3 Intergovernmentalism From Realist to Liberal Intergovernmentalism Rationalist Institutionalism General Assumptions: International Interdependence and Rational Choice Explanatory Theories: The Functional Theory of Institutions, Endogenous Trade Theory, Bargaining Theory, and Club Theory Intergovernmentalism and European Integration National Preferences Interstate Bargaining Institutional Choice General Hypotheses Intergovernmentalism and Differentiated Integration Realist Intergovernmentalism: Autonomy-Driven Differentiated Integration Liberal Intergovernmentalism: Heterogeneity of Interdependence, Interests, and Capacities The Supply Side of Differentiated Integration: Size, Externalities and Bargaining Power Conjectures Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References 4 Supranationalism General Assumptions: Boundedly Rational Actors in a Path-Dependent Process of Institutionalization Explaining the Dynamics of Integration Supranationalism and European Integration Spillover The Constitutionalization of the Treaties European Integration and Path Dependence General Hypotheses Supranationalism and Differentiated Integration Intensity of Transnational Exchange Capacity and Preferences of Supranational actors Conjectures Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References 5 Constructivism General Assumptions: Ideas and Appropriateness Explanatory Theories: Community Institutions, Argumentation, and Socialization Constructivism and European Integration Ideas and Integration Preferences Negotiations in a Community Environment Integration and Socialization General Hypotheses Constructivism and Differentiated Integration Conditions Conjectures Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References 6 Postfunctionalism Multi-Level Governance and the Democratic Politics of Regional Integration Multi-Level Governance Democratic Mass Politics Postfunctionalism and European integration Integration Progress Cleavage Transformation and Party Competition Identity Politics Negotiations in the Shadow of National Democratic Politics General Hypotheses Postfunctionalism and Differentiated Integration Conjectures Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References Part II Policies 7 The Single Market The Development of the Single Market The Treaties of Rome The Single European Act After the SEA Horizontal Integration Conclusion of the Historical Overview Intergovernmentalism The Beginnings of Integration: Post-World War II Europe, Economic Interdependence Integrative Dynamics: Growing Interdependence and Preference Convergence Before the SEA (Differentiated) Horizontal Integration Supranationalism The Beginnings of Integration: Transnational Exchanges and the EEC Treaty Explaining the Single Market Programme: Transnational Exchanges, Institutionalization, and Spillover Horizontal Integration and Differentiation Constructivism The Beginnings of Integration: Ideas Matter Integrative Dynamics: Shared Understandings of Common Challenges (Differentiated) Horizontal Integration: Constructivism Postfunctionalism Postfunctionalism and the Single Market Conclusion Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References 8 Economic and Monetary Union The Development of Monetary and Fiscal Integration The Bretton Woods system The Snake and the European Monetary System Economic and Monetary Union The Eurozone Crisis and the Reform of EMU Conclusion Intergovernmentalism Realist Intergovernmentalism: Monetary Integration to Increase State Autonomy? Liberal Intergovernmentalism: Interdependence, Preference Convergence, and Credible Commitments Differentiated Horizontal Integration Differentiated Vertical Integration Integration in the Eurozone Crisis Supranationalism EMU: Spillover and Transnational Networks Horizontal and Vertical Differentiation From Differentiation to Uniformity? Transnational Interdependence and Supranational Capacity in the Eurozone Crisis Constructivism EMU: Macroeconomic Policy Consensus Differentiated Integration Vertical Integration in the Eurozone Crisis: Socialization and Learning? Postfunctionalism Integration and Differentiation in Macroeconomic Policies Postfunctionalism and Integration in the Eurozone Crisis Conclusion Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References 9 Security and Defence The Development of Security and Defence Policy in the EU A Bold Move: The Pleven Plan and the EDC De Gaulle’s ‘certaine Idée’ and the Fouchet Plans Informal Intergovernmental Coordination: The EPC Picking up Speed: Maastricht, Amsterdam, and the CFSP Change of Tide: St Malo, ESDP, and CSDP The 2010s: Times of External and Internal Turbulence Conclusion Explaining the European Defence Community and Its Failure Intergovernmentalism Supranationalism Constructivism Postfunctionalism The Return of Defence Policy Intergovernmentalism Supranationalism Constructivism Postfunctionalism Conclusion Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References 10 The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice The Development of the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice Early Intergovernmental Beginnings Integration of Justice and Home Affairs into the EU: Maastricht and Beyond The Refugee Crisis as a Turning Point Horizontal Integration Conclusion Intergovernmentalism Formation and Development of the AFSJ: Sovereignty, Interdependence, Member State Preferences, and Bargaining Differentiated Horizontal Integration Supranationalism Formation and Development of the AFSJ: Transnational Networks and Spillover Horizontal and Vertical Differentiation From Differentiation to Uniformity? Constructivism Formation and Development of the AFSJ: Shared Ideas and Inclusive Identities Differentiated Horizontal Integration Postfunctionalism Conclusion Self-Test and Discussion Questions Further Reading References 11 Conclusion: Integration and Differentiation in the European Union Differentiated Integration in the European Union Evaluating the Theories Assumptions and Expectations Vertical Integration and Differentiation Horizontal Integration and Differentiation A Synthetic Framework Common Ground Scope Conditions Summary Where Do We Go from Here? References References Index