Assembly language programming for the 68000

Description

PREFACE vii 1 NUMBER SYSTEMS 1 1.1 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion, 1 1.2 Decimal-.to-Hexadecimal Conversion, 3 1.3 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion, 4 1.4 Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion, 5 1.5 Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion, 6 1.6 Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion, 6 1.7 Binary and Hexadecimal Addition, 7 Exercises, 8 2 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE 68000 9 2.1 The Central Memory, 9 2.2 The Central Processor, 10 2.3 The Terminal and the Communication Chip, 12 2.4 The Line Clock, 14 Exercises, 14 3 REPRESENTA TlON OF NUMBERS AND CHARACTERS 15 3.1 2's Complement Representation, 15 3.2 Addition and Subtraction, 19 3.3 Character Representation, 20 3.4 Floating-Point Representation (Optional), 22 Exercises, 23 4 INSTRUCTIONS AND ADDRESSING MODES 25 4.1 The Execution Cycle, 25 4.2 Addressing Modes, 26 4.3 Single-Operand and Double-Operand Instructions, 32 4.4 No-Operand Instructions, 42 4.5 Machine Language, 42 4.6 On the Contents of a Computer Word, 45 Exercises, 46 5 ASSEMBL Y LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING 48 5.1 Assembly Language versus Machine Language, 48 5.2 Assembly Language Directives, 49 5.3 Assembly Language Program Format, 52 5.4 Example 1: Echo Keyboard Input to Screen, 53 5.5 Example 2: Multiple Echo, 56 5.6 Coding Hints, 58 Exercises, 61 6 STACKS AND SUBROUTINES 64 6.1 Stacks, 64 6.2 Example: Backward Echo, 66 6.3 Subroutines, 66 6.4 Subroutine Call and Return, 69 6.5 Argument Transmission, 70 6.6 Nested Subroutines, 75 6.7 Recursive Subroutines, 79 6.8 Example-Tower of Hanoi, 81 6.9 Coroutines, 86 Exercises, 87 7 ARITHMETIC OPERA TlONS 92 7.1 Carry and Overflow Under Addition, 92 7.2 Carry and Overflow Under Subtraction, 94 7.3 Double-Precision Arithmetic, 95 7.4 The TST and CMP Instructions, 97 7.5 More on Branch Instructions, 98 7.6 Shift Instructions, 103 7.7 Example: ASCII-to-Binary Conversion, 105 Exercises, 111 8 TRAPS AND INTERRUPTS 116 8.1 Traps, 116 8.2 Some Examples of Traps, 117 8.3 Program Traps, 119 8.4 Interrupts, 120 8.5 Why Use Interrupts?, 121 8.6 Priority Interrupts, 123 8.7 Timer Interrupts Using an MC68230 Parallel Interface and Timer (PI/T), 125 8.8 Example: Time Request, 126 Exercises, 130 9 ASSEMBLERS AND LINKAGE EDITORS 135 9.1 The Two-Pass Assembly Process, 135 9.2 Example of Assembler Listing, 138 9.3 Absolute and Relocatable Addresses, 138 9.4 The Linkage Editor, 140 9.5 Address Modification, 141 9.6 Global Symbols, 143 9.7 The Two-Pass Linkage Process, 143 9.8 Position-Independent Code, 145 Exercises, 146 10 ADVANCED ASSEMBL Y LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES 150 10.1 Macros, 150 10.2 Macro Definitions and Macro Calls, 152 10.3 Local Symbols, 158 10.4 Repeat Directives, 160 10.5 Conditional Assembly, 163 Exercises, 168 Appendix A 68000 Organization 172 Appendix B ASCII Character Set 174 Appendix C 68000 Addressing Modes 178 Appendix D 68000 Instructions 180 Appendix E 68000 Machine Language 215 Appendix F Notes on Programming Style 235 Appendix G Answers to Selected Exercises 238 INDEX 245