Practical Battery Design and Control

Description

Covering what real-world battery engineers need to know, this book pulls together in one resource the many calculations and practical considerations that a battery engineer faces daily. It gives you the basics, including battery chemistry, design, impedance, charging, and manufacturing, as well as alternative energy solutions like supercapacitors, energy harvesting, and fuel cells. The book goes on to provide a detailed view of the field’s newest frontiers, such as Si anode, Li metal anode, and new artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and deep learning possibilities, and equips you with the practical knowledge with intuitive explanations you need to solve real-world battery problems and challenges. This is a great resource for battery engineers and managers looking to expand their knowledge to broader areas and better collaborate with other experts; new battery engineers who would like to learn the solutions to the potential real problems related to their day-to-day job; software and system designers who need essential and practical battery knowledge to use a battery or collaborate on a project. Practial Battery Design and Control Foreword Preface Acknowledgments 1 Li-ion Battery Overview and Spec 1.1 Introduction: Battery History to Li-ion Battery 1.2 Structure of the Li-ion Battery 1.3 Intuitive Understanding of Charging/Discharging Mechanisms 1.3.1  Charging Mechanism 1.3.2  Discharging Mechanism 1.3.3  Chemical Reactions During Charge and Discharge 1.4 Key Innovations to Realize Li-ion Battery 1.5 Necessary Battery Knowledge to Read a Battery Specification 1.5.1 Basic Terminologies 1.5.2 Battery Terminologies 1.5.3 Battery Charging Spec 1.5.4 Battery Cycle Life and Storage Life Spec 1.6 Summary 1.7 Problems References 2 Application of Electrochemistry to Batteries 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Battery Voltage Science and Application  2.2.1 Li-ion Battery Voltage 2.2.2 Energy Level Difference 2.2.3 Nernst Equation and Application  2.2.4 Standard Potential of Half Reaction 2.2.5 Li-ion Battery Voltage Science 2.2.6 Voltage of Future Batteries 2.3 Application of Electrochemistry to Battery Design 2.3.1 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis 2.3.2 Amount of Cathode and Anode Needed 2.4 Summary 2.5 Problems References 3 Battery Impedance and Its Impact on Battery Life 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Battery Impedance 3.2.1 Ohm’s Law and IR Drop 3.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Model 3.2.3 Impedance Measurement Method by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 3.2.4 AC Impedance and DC Impedance 3.3 Battery Discharging Characteristics 3.3.1 Battery Discharging under Various Current Rates 3.3.2 Battery Discharging at Various Temperatures 3.3.3 Impedance Dependency on Cycles 3.4 Usable Battery Capacity 3.5 Summary 3.6 Problems References 4 Battery Charging and Impedance Impact 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Li-ion Battery Charging 4.2.1 Constant Current-Constant Voltage Charging 4.2.2 IR Jump 4.2.3 Reason Behind CC-CV Charging 4.2.4 Charging Time Simulation 4.3 Fast Battery Charging 4.3.1 Continuous Fast Charging 4.3.2 Step Charging 4.3.3 Fast-Charging Time Simulation 4.3.4 Four Key Elements for Battery Charging 4.4 Safe Battery Charging 4.4.1 Safety Guideline and Design 4.4.2 Precharge 4.5 Wireless Charging 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Theory and Structure 4.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 4.5.4 Essentials of Wireless Charging for Battery Engineers 4.6 Summary 4.7 Problems References 5 Present and Future Batteries 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Introduction of Rechargeable Batteries 5.1.2 Rechargeable Battery Usage 5.2 Lead-Acid Battery 5.2.1 Reactions 5.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.3 Ni-MH Battery 5.3.1 Reactions 5.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 5.4 Li-ion Battery 5.4.1 Cathode and Anode Options 5.4.2 Details of Cathodes: LCO, NMC, NCA, and LFP 5.4.3 Details of Anode: Silicon Versus Graphite 5.4.4 Details of Anode: Lithium Metal 5.4.5 All-Solid-State Battery 5.4.6 Details of Anode: LTO 5.5 Summary 5.6 Problems References 6 Li-ion Battery Cell/Pack Design and Manufacturing/Recycling Process 6.1 Inside a Li-ion Battery 6.1.1 Battery Cell and Pack 6.1.2 Cell Form Factors 6.1.3 Battery Cell Structure 6.1.4 Cell Manufacturing Process 6.1.5 Thin-Film Battery Manufacturing Process 6.2 Prevention of Hazardous Situations 6.2.1 Hazardous Situations 6.2.2 Battery Swelling 6.2.3 Safety Protections from Failure Modes 6.2.4 Quality Inspections 6.2.5 Safe Battery Tests 6.3 Battery Pack Configuration 6.3.1 Series and Parallel 6.3.2 Impact of Imbalanced Cells 6.3.3 Shipping Regulations and Battery Certifications 6.3.4 Authentication 6.3.5 Communication Protocol to Battery Pack 6.4 Sustainability and Recycling of Li-ion Batteries 6.4.1 Recycle 6.4.2 Reuse 6.4.3 Reduce 6.5 Summary 6.6 Problems References 7 Battery Fuel Gauging Methods 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Voltage Measurement 7.2.1 Theory 7.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 7.3 Coulomb Counting 7.3.1 Theory 7.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 7.4 Voltage Measurement and Coulomb Counting 7.4.1 Theory 7.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 7.5 Impedance Consideration 7.5.1 Theory 7.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 7.6 Advanced Fuel Gauging Examples 7.6.1 OCV Prediction with an Equivalent Circuit Model 7.6.2 SOC Prediction with Machine Learning 7.6.3 Power Optimization Considering Battery Impedance 7.7 State of Health 7.8 System-Side Fuel Gauge Versus Pack-Side Fuel Gauge 7.9 Summary 7.10 Problems References 8 Fuel Cell 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cell 8.2.1 Theory 8.2.2 Structure 8.3 Fuel Cell Characteristics 8.3.1 Current Versus Voltage: I-V Curve 8.3.2 Current Versus Power: I-P Curve 8.3.3 Sporadic Current Change and Voltage Response 8.4 Temperature and Pressure Impacts on Performance 8.4.1 Application of Nernst Equation to Fuel Cell 8.4.2 Pressure Impact on Voltage and Performance 8.4.3 Temperature Impact on Voltage 8.5 Other Fuel Cells 8.5.1 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 8.5.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 8.6 Fuel Cells Comparison to Li-ion Battery 8.7 Fuel Cell Experiments with a Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Kit 8.8 Summary 8.9 Problems References 9 Other Battery-Related Technologies 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Supercapacitors 9.2.1 Theory 9.2.2 Structure 9.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 9.2.4 Energy Calculation 9.2.5 Li-ion Capacitor 9.3 Solar Cell 9.3.1 Introduction 9.3.2 Total Energy from the Sun and Efficiency of a Commercial Solar Cell 9.3.3 Theory 9.3.4 Structure 9.3.5 I-V Curve and Maximum Power Point 9.3.6 Value of Solar Cells on Electric Vehicles 9.3.7 Transparent Solar Cell 9.3.8 Other Solar Cell Technologies 9.4 Energy Harvesting 9.4.1 Kinetic 9.4.2 Thermoelectric Generator 9.4.3 Radio Frequency 9.5 Heat Transfer 9.5.1 Heat Transfer Mechanism 9.5.2 Conduction: Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction 9.5.3 Convection: Newton’s Law of Cooling 9.5.4 Radiation: Stefan-Boltzmann Law 9.5.5 Thermal Modeling and Control 9.6 Summary 9.7 Problems References 10 Battery Algorithms for Longevity Estimation and Extension 10.1 Battery Cycle Life and Shelf Life 10.1.1 Battery Longevity Spec 10.1.2 Battery Degradation Mechanism 10.1.3 Degradation Difference by Battery Voltages 10.2 Battery Degradation by Temperatures and its Estimation 10.2.1 Longevity Dependency on Temperature and Arrhenius Equation 10.2.2 Application of Arrhenius Equation to Estimate Battery Degradation 10.2.3 Battery Degradation Estimation by Temperature 10.3 Longevity Extension by Adaptive Charging 10.3.1 Introduction of Adaptive Charging 10.3.2 Adaptive Charging by Scheduling Application 10.3.3 Adaptive Charging Through Overnight Charging: Delayed Charging 10.3.4 Adaptive Charging by Situations: Situational Charging 10.4 Summary 10.5 Problems References 11 Battery Application to Various Systems 11.1 Wearables 11.1.1 Battery Usage in Wearables 11.1.2 Method to Extend Battery Life 11.2 Smartphones, Tablets, and Laptop PCs 11.2.1 Battery Usage in Portable Systems 11.2.2 Method to Avoid Sudden System Shutdown and Extend Battery Life 11.3 Drones 11.3.1 Battery Usage in Drones 11.3.2 Requirements for Drone Batteries 11.4 IoT Devices 11.4.1 Example of IoT Batteries 11.4.2 Batteries for IoT Devices and Consideration in Selection 11.5 Backup/Stationary Battery 11.5.1 Examples of Backup/Stationary Battery 11.5.2 Requirements to Backup/Stationary Battery 11.6 Batteries for Electric Vehicles 11.6.1 EV Battery Usage and Requirements 11.6.2 Algorithms for EV Batteries 11.7 Key Consideration for Longer Battery Life 11.8 Summary 11.9 Problem References 12 AI/Machine-Learning/Deep-Learning Application to Battery Charging 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Difference Between AI, ML, and DL 12.3 Programming Environment Setup 12.4 Machine Learning 12.4.1 ML Example: Regression Problem Case with Algebra 12.4.2 ML Example: Classification Problem Case 12.4.3 Other ML Models 12.5 Deep Learning 12.5.1 Neural Network and Deep Learning 12.5.2 DL Applications in the Real World 12.6 Typical Steps in ML/DL Development 12.7 Context-Based Battery Charging: ML/DL Application to Extend Battery Longevity 12.7.1 Introduction 12.7.2 Procedure of Context-Based Battery Charging 12.7.3 Results of Context-Based Battery Charging 12.8 Typical Questions and Answers 12.9 Summary 12.10 Problem References About the Author Index