Urban Flooding in Brazil

Description

This contributed volume analyzes flooding scenarios in Brazilian cities using a geographic and spatiotemporal approach to explore impacts and ways to mitigate future disasters. The problem of urban flooding is growing in Brazilian cities due to the increasing number of natural disasters in the context of global climate change; this is a topic that poses challenges to urban planners and academics. Through three sections, this volume offers theoretical-conceptual, methodological and technical case studies, as well as cases that explore urban socio-environmental problems associated with flooding. Throughout the book, the concepts of risk, vulnerability and adaptation are used to explore future flood scenarios in Brazil. The integrated vision offered in this volume covers the floods themselves, evaluation of flood impacts, and the management process before, during, and after the flood event. The case studies presented here elucidate the concept of comprehensive urban flood management, offering a technical and diagnostic basis for the problem in different cities in Brazil. The present and future challenges presented by these chapters offer widely-transferable lessons that can be applied to making cities around the world more sustainable and disaster-resilient. Acknowledgements Contents Contributors Part I: Urban Flooding: Conceptions and Approaches in the Scope of Global Climate Changes Chapter 1: Urban Floodings: Conceptions and Challenges in the Scope of Global Climate Change – A Look at the City of São Paulo, Brazil 1.1 A Historical and Very Current Problem! 1.2 Study Concepts, Methods, and Techniques 1.3 Present and Future Scenarios: What Does Global Climate Change Tell Us? 1.4 Notes on Flooding in the City of São Paulo, Brazil References Chapter 2: Intra-urban Spatial Configuration and Hydrological Responses Spatially Distributed in Basins: Contributions to a Sustainable Development 2.1 Floods and Urban Water Dynamics 2.2 The Heterogeneity of Intra-urban Spaces 2.2.1 Urban Configuration and Hydrologic Similarity Areas in the Belém Catchment, Curitiba, State of Paraná 2.3 Water Balance of Hydrologic Similarity Areas in the Belém Catchment 2.4 Nature-Based Solutions and Sustainable Urban Development References Chapter 3: Blue-Green Infrastructure in Brazilian Cities: From Consensus to Specific Advances 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Blue-Green Infrastructure and Its Attributes 3.3 BGIs in the International Scenario: Three Selected Countries 3.4 BGIs in the Scenario of the Ten Largest Brazilian Cities 3.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 4: Local-Scale Disaster Risk Indicators: Applying the Disaster Risk Indicators in Brazil (Drib) Method to Understand Flood Risks in Brazil 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Area Characterization 4.2 Methodology 4.2.1 The Concept of the Local DRIB Index 4.2.2 Research Steps 4.2.2.1 Step 1 4.2.2.2 Step 2 4.2.3 Data and Methods 4.2.3.1 Questionnaire Development 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Exposure 4.3.2 Vulnerability 4.3.3 Risk 4.4 Concluding Remarks References Part II: Flooding Events in Major Brazilian Cities and Their Metropolitan Regions Chapter 5: Urban Climate Risk: Flooding Events in Rio De Janeiro (RJ) from the Perspective of Vulnerable People 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Vulnerability Dimensions and the Homeless Population 5.3 Analysis of Urban Flooding from the Perspective of Vulnerable People: The Homeless Population in Downtown Rio de Janeiro (RJ) 5.4 Concluding Remarks: Climate as a Risk and Space as a Condition References Chapter 6: Urban Flooding in the City of Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Geoecological and Climatic Factors 6.2 Tensions and Hydrological Disasters in the Arrudas and Onça Stream Basins 6.3 Belo Horizonte: The City Between the Traditional and the Modern in the Flood Management Policy 6.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 7: Rainfall Impacts and (Re)Production of Urban Space in the City of Salvador, Northeastern Brazil: An Update 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Spatiotemporal Relationship of Urban Flooding in Salvador 7.3 The Relationship Between Climate and Production of Space 7.4 Concluding Remarks: Impact as a Measure of Urban Recreation References Chapter 8: Urban Flooding in Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil: Current and Future Risks and Challenges 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Environmental Systems and Occupation of Fortaleza’s Territory 8.3 Urban Flooding in Fortaleza: A Brief History 8.4 Flood Risk Mapping in Fortaleza 8.4.1 Natural Vulnerability to Floods and Storm Surges 8.4.2 Social Vulnerability 8.4.3 Flood and Storm Surges Risks 8.5 Current and Future Challenges 8.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 9: Flood Events in the City of Recife, Northeastern Brazil: History and Contemporary Risks 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Recife’s Physical Characteristics and Its Susceptibility to Flooding 9.3 Historiography of Occupation and Socio-environmental Indicators in Recife 9.4 Flood Events in Recife 9.5 Meteorological Weather Types and Their Association with Rainfall in Recife 9.6 Flood Events in Recife: Current and Future Scenarios 9.6.1 Current Scenario 9.6.2 Future Scenarios 9.7 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 10: Urban Faces of Climate and Floods in Aracaju, Northeastern Brazil 10.1 Introduction (Sectored Conjectures) 10.2 Theoretical Experimentation: Defining Reason 10.3 Practical Manipulation: Significance and Spatial Configuration 10.4 The Climate of Aracaju 10.5 Extreme Flood Events 10.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11: Urban Flooding in Manaus, Northern Brazil: Extreme Events, Susceptibility, and Inequalities 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Approach and Contradictions in the Urban Space of Manaus 11.3 Flood Susceptibility Associated with Extreme Rainfall Events 11.4 Flood Diagnosis in Manaus: Different Scales and Times 11.5 Present and Future Challenges 11.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 12: Urban Flooding in Porto Velho: Infrastructure, Regulatory, and Socio-environmental Conditions 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Historical Approach to the Problem 12.2.1 Historical Context of the Regulatory Instruments of Urban Occupation in Brazil 12.2.2 Regulatory Actions to Prevent Floodings in Porto Velho 12.3 Current Events 12.4 Present and Future Challenges 12.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 13: Urban Flooding in the City of Goiânia, Central-Western Brazil 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Geo-environmental Characterization and Flood-Related Processes in Goiânia 13.2.1 The Relationship Between Relief, Soil, Rock, and Physical and Natural Conditioning Factors for Flood-Related Processes 13.2.2 Climate and Flood-Related Processes 13.2.3 History of the Flood-Related Processes 13.3 Diagnosis, Vulnerability, and Neighborhoods at Risk of Flooding in Goiânia 13.3.1 Rainfall and Flooding 13.3.2 Slope Configurations and Flood Events 13.3.3 Soil Sealing and Flood-Related Processes 13.3.4 Current Vulnerability and At-Risk Neighborhoods 13.3.5 Flood-Related Challenges 13.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 14: Geographic Analysis of Flooding in the Urban Area of the Federal District, Brazil 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Historical Approach to the Problem 14.3 Analysis of Current Flooding in the Federal District Urban Area 14.4 Areas Critical to Flooding 14.5 Present and Future Challenges 14.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 15: Flood Events in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Southern Brazil: An Approach from the Urban Environmental System 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The History and Challenges of Studies on Urban Flooding in Curitiba and Its Metropolitan Region 15.3 The Urban Environmental System and Its Application for Understanding Urban Flooding 15.4 Flood Adaptation Measures in the MRC: Approaches for Curitiba and Pinhais 15.4.1 Input: Extreme Rainfall Events and the Physical-Natural Attributes of Hydrometeorological Risks 15.4.2 Attributes: The Social Instances Related to Urban Flooding 15.4.3 Output and Applications: Urban Flooding and Adaptation Measures 15.5 Concluding Remarks: Present and Future Challenges of the Urban Flooding Problem in the MRC References Chapter 16: Urban Climate and Flooding in Florianópolis, Southern Brazil 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Urban Climate and Its Relation to Floods 16.2 Conditioning Factors of Floods in Florianópolis 16.3 The Origin of Urban Floods in Florianópolis 16.4 Concluding Remarks References Part III: Flooding Events in Medium and Small Cities in Brazil Chapter 17: Climate Dynamics and Urban Flooding in the City of Guarapuava, Southern Brazil 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Historical Approach to the Problem 17.3 Flood Disasters Resulting from Adverse Atmospheric Conditions in Guarapuava 17.4 Assessment of Flood-Inducing Weather Events in Guarapuava 17.4.1 Climate Dynamics in Guarapuava 17.4.2 Regional Atmospheric Dynamics in Periods of Extreme Rainfall Events 17.4.2.1 Analysis of May 28, 1992 17.4.2.2 Analysis of April 23, 1998 17.4.2.3 Analysis of November 1, 2007 17.4.2.4 Analysis of August 1, 2011 17.4.2.5 Analysis of June 21, 2013 17.4.2.6 Analysis of June 7, 2014 17.4.2.7 Analysis of October 31, 2015 17.4.2.8 Summary of Analyzed Events 17.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 18: Structural and Non-structural Measures for Urban Drainage: A Look at Socio-environmental Risks of Urban Flooding in Francisco Beltrão, Southern Brazil 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Urban Water Management and the Socio-environmental Risks Associated with Floods 18.3 Structural and Non-structural Urban Drainage Measures 18.4 Drainage and Flood Control Measures Adopted in the City of Francisco Beltrão 18.5 Drainage Systems Under the Perspective of Mapping the Urban Flood Risk Areas in Francisco Beltrão 18.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 19: Rainfall Thresholds Triggering Water Crises in the Urban Drainage Network of Chapecó, Southern Brazil: Contributions to Risk Management 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Chapecó, SC: Historical and Current Configuration of Urban Flooding 19.3 Extreme Rainfall Thresholds and Water Crises in the Urban Drainage Network of Chapecó, SC 19.3.1 Possibilities and Limits for the Use of Rainfall Thresholds Triggering Water Crises in Chapecó, SC 19.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 20: Climate Dynamics and the Main Urban Flood Events in Itajaí Valley, Southern Brazil 20.1 Introduction 20.1.1 Flood Events in the Itajaí Valley 20.2 Materials and Methods 20.3 Results and Discussion 20.3.1 Climate Dynamics and Floods in Itajaí Valley 20.3.2 The Unusual Event of 2008 and Urban Flooding in Blumenau and Itajaí 20.4 Concluding Remarks References